General
Medicine
E-Mail Comments to: opencyc-doc@cyc.com
Last
Update: 12/13/02
Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.
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Medical Ailments
#$AilmentCondition ailment conditions
The most general collection of ailment events; a
subcollection of both #$PhysiologicalCondition
and #$Malfunction. An instance of #$AilmentCondition
is a dynamic state of sickness, injury, or physiological
impairment. The rationale for construing ailments in this
way is the obvious fact that to have an ailment is to
undergo an event: an individual ailment has temporal
features, it progresses dynamically, and so on. It is not
just a matter of being in some static state of unwellness .
Subcollections of #$AilmentCondition
include #$RespiratoryAilment, #$HeartCondition, #$Cancer,
#$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning, #$Infection,
and #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person has an
infection, that event is an instance of #$AilmentCondition.
An #$AilmentCondition
does not begin before there is an actual, developed sickness
or impairment, and thus does not include the event of
getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that each type
of ailment, such as #$Infection,
is the collection of all cases or instances of individuals
suffering from that condition. See also #$DiseaseType.
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of: #$Malfunction #$PhysiologicalCondition
direct generalization of:
#$AllergicReaction
#$Infection
#$Cancer #$PsychologicalAilment
#$Malnutrition
#$PhysiologicalCondition physiological conditions
A specialization of #$SystemCondition. Each
instance of #$PhysiologicalCondition
involves an #$Organism-Whole
being in some physiological state that is not typical for
that organism's species, modulo considerations about the
organism's sex or (in some cases) subspecies. Thus
#$Menstruating, though not typical among all persons, is
part of being a healthy adult female, and so is not a
specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition
(though it is a type of #$PhysiologicalProcess);
#$Pregnancy, on the other hand, is a specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition.
Note that some but not all #$PhysiologicalConditions
are events; but they are all #$Situation-Temporals. Thus
each physiological condition has a temporal start and end,
though in some cases (e.g. dwarfism) these will be the same
as the start and end of the life of the organism.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$SystemCondition
direct generalization of:
#$LifeThreateningCondition
#$CongenitalCondition
#$ChronicCondition
#$AilmentCondition
#$Starvation
#$CancerFn cancer fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction.
When applied to a specialization REGION-TYPE of #$AnimalBLO, #$CancerFn
returns the collection of all cancers found in REGION-TYPE.
For example, (#$CancerFn
#$Throat) is the collection of all throat cancers.
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direct instance of:
#$ReifiableFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$Cancer Cancer (tumor
condition) (terminal condition) (life-threatening condition)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$DiseaseType, and a specialization
of #$AilmentCondition.
Instances of #$Cancer may
belong to any one of the many different types of disease
that are studied and treated by oncologists. Instances of #$Cancer are
characterized by abnormal (and usually rapid) growth of
cells in some organ or system of the body; these growths are
then prone to dispersal (metastasis) into other body
regions. See also #$CancerFn.
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direct instance of: #$DiseaseType
direct specialization of:
#$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition #$AilmentCondition
#$Tumor tumors
A specialization of #$OrganismPart.
Each instance of #$Tumor is an
abnormal tissue mass found in an animal. Instances of #$Tumor
include both malignant (cancerous -- see the collection #$Cancer)
and benign (non-cancerous) growths which have no normal
physiological cause or function.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$OrganismPart
#$InfectionFn infection fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction.
When applied to a specialization PART of #$AnimalBodyPart
(q.v.), #$InfectionFn
returns the collection of all infections in some instance of
PART. For example, (#$InfectionFn
#$Throat) is the collection of all throat infections (and
hence a specialization of #$Infection).
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direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$Infection infections
A specialization of #$AilmentCondition.
Each instance of #$Infection
is an ailment condition in which microorganisms are
abnormally present (or abnormally numerous) within an
animal's body. The microorganisms involved in an infection
may be instances of the collections #$Bacterium, #$Virus, or #$ProtistaKingdom.
Specializations of #$Infection
include #$Bronchitis, #$Tonsillitis, and
#$SexuallyTransmittedInfection (which has further specializations).
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$AilmentCondition
direct generalization of: #$FeverInfection
#$ViralInfection #$FungalInfection #$BacterialInfection
#$infectionHost host
(predicate that is functional in its second argument)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This predicate relates a particular case of #$Infection
to the organism it is infecting. (#$infectionHost
INF ORG) means that INF is an #$Infection
in which the host organism is ORG.
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direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$ActorSlot
direct specialization of: #$ailmentConditionAffects
#$infectionCausedByOrganism infecting organism
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This predicate relates a particular instance of #$Infection
to an organism which causes that infection. (#$infectionCausedByOrganism
INFECT ORG) means that the organism ORG is one of the causes
of the infection INFECT.
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direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$preActors
#$InfectionTransmissionEvent infection transmission
A specialization of #$InfectingEvent. Each instance
of #$InfectionTransmissionEvent
is an event in which some infection is transmitted from one
host to another (where both the old and new hosts are
instances of #$BiologicalLivingObject).
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InfectingEvent
#$carriesInfectionType carries
infection type
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate (#$carriesInfectionType
OBJECT INFECT_TYPE) relates a particular organism or other
object to a type of infection that it carries. (#$carriesInfectionType
OBJ INFTYP) means that the individual OBJ is a carrier of
the #$InfectionType
INFTYP. For example, (#$carriesInfectionType
TyphoidMary #$TyphoidFever) or (#$carriesInfectionType
Needle0567 #$AIDS).
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$InfectionType types
of infection
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$InfectionType
is a specialization of #$Infection.
Instances include #$BubonicPlague, #$Leprosy, and #$Herpes.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct generalization of:
#$InfectionTypeBySymptomology
#$InfectionTypeByPathogenType
#$AllergicReaction allergic reactions
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An
instance of #$AllergicReaction
is an event in which an organism which is exposed to a
particular substance (e.g., pollen, mold) develops some
abnormality or impairment of its physiological condition as
a result of interacting with the substance. Allergic
reactions to some types of substances occur widely in
members of a species; e.g., #$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans.
But other allergic reactions affect only a small proportion
of a species, such as human allergies to penicillin. This
concept is the collection of events in which allergic
reactions are `taking place', not abstract unrealized
potential situations such as `John is allergic to milk.'
I.e., if John were allergic to milk, and he drank some, and
then proceeded to have a whopping bad allergic reaction,
that latter event would be an instance of #$AllergicReaction.
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$AilmentCondition
#$IncurringAnInjury instances
of incurring an injury
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. An instance of #$IncurringAnInjury
is an event in which an animal becomes injured. In such
events, the animal which is hurt is the #$bodilyActedOn
in the event. The condition which results of an instance of
#$IncurringAnInjury
would be an instance of #$InjuryCondition (q.v.). Also see
the comment on #$AilmentCondition.
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direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$SingleDoerAction #$IncurringDamage #$AnimalActivity
#$PsychologicalAilment psychological disorders
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of ailments that are classified as
psychological due to their origin and/or manifestation in
the mind of the sufferer rather than (or at least in
addition to, and perhaps causing) manifestations in the
sufferer's body. Having a brain tumor is not an instance of
this collection, but imagining that you have one is an
instance of #$PsychologicalAilment
, and so is the deep case of depression you fall into once
you believe (rightly or wrongly) that you have a brain
tumor. Some subcollections of this collection are the
collections #$Phobia, #$Depression-PsychologicalCondition,
and #$PanicAttack.
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$AilmentCondition
Medically Relevant Condition Types
#$CongenitalCondition congenital conditions
A specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition.
Each instance of #$CongenitalCondition
is a physiological condition that is present in an organism
from the time of gestation (i.e. before birth). Instances of
#$CongenitalCondition
may be genetic conditions (see the specialization #$GeneticCondition)
or they may be caused by the behavior of the mother during
pregnancy (for example, as in a case of congenital heroin addiction).
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$PhysiologicalCondition
direct generalization of:
#$GeneticCondition
#$ChronicCondition chronic conditions
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of ailments. An instance of #$ChronicCondition
is an ailment that lingers or recurs in an organism
throughout its life. In some cases, the symptoms of a
chronic condition may abate with treatment. The condition
may never go away completely. #$Asthma is an example of a
subcollection of #$ChronicCondition.
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$PhysiologicalCondition
direct generalization of:
#$GeneticCondition
#$GeneticCondition genetic conditions
A specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition.
Each instance of #$GeneticCondition
is an abnormal physiological condition which developed in a
particular organism due to that organism's genetic
configuration. Such conditions are not contagious as
infections are, but they may be hereditary. Specializations
of #$GeneticCondition
include #$DownsSyndrome, #$Hemophilia, and #$SickleCellAnemia.
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$CongenitalCondition #$ChronicCondition
#$LifeThreateningCondition life-threatening conditions
A specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition.
Each instance of #$LifeThreateningCondition
is an ailment which, if left untreated, may cause the death
of the organism afflicted by it. Specializations include
#$Poisoning and #$Rabies.
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$PhysiologicalCondition
direct generalization of:
#$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition
#$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition terminal conditions
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of ailments which are distinguished by
the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those
ailments will very probably cause a patient to die -- and
may eventually do so despite treatment. Specializations of
this collection include: #$DiabetesMellitus, #$Cancer,
#$Botulism, and #$Rabies.
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$LifeThreateningCondition
direct generalization of:
#$Cancer
Medical Care Events
#$RecoveringFromAilment recoveries
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events. In an instance of #$RecoveringFromAilment,
some member of #$BiologicalLivingObject
recovers from an #$AilmentCondition
it has at the beginning of this recovery period.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ImprovementEvent
#$MedicalTesting medical
tests (medical care) (professional servicing)
(medical procedures)
A specialization of #$MedicalCareEvent
and #$Evaluating. Each instance of #$MedicalTesting
is a test done on a patient -- or, often, on a sample taken
from the patient's body -- in order to gather information
about the patient's general state of health, in order to
help in making a diagnosis, or in order to determine or
monitor the severity of a known condition of the patient.
Instances of #$MedicalTesting
include individual blood tests, as well as individual MRIs.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Evaluating #$MedicalCareEvent
#$MedicalCareEvent medical care
A collection of events. Each instance of #$MedicalCareEvent
is an event in which a medical care professional provides a
medical service to some human or animal patient(s). Notable
specializations of #$MedicalCareEvent
include #$MedicalTesting,
#$HospitalCareEvent,
and #$Surgery.
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direct instance of: #$ProductByGenericType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ServiceEvent #$TakingCareOfSomething
direct generalization of: #$DentalCareEvent #$BirthEvent #$MedicalTreatmentEvent
#$MedicalTesting
#$HospitalCareEvent
#$Surgery
#$MedicalTreatmentEvent medical treatments
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A subcollection of #$MedicalCareEvent.
Each instance of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent
is a procedure performed by one or more medical
professionals to alleviate or ameliorate a #$PhysiologicalCondition (q.v.).
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direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareEvent #$SimpleRepairing
direct generalization of:
#$DrugTherapy
#$TreatmentFn treatment fn
An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction.
When applied to an instance CONDITION of #$PhysiologicalConditionType,
#$TreatmentFn
returns the collection of medical treatment events in which
an instance of CONDITION is treated (so that the collection
in question is a specialization of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent).
For example, (#$TreatmentFn
#$HeartCondition) is the collection of all events in which
some heart condition is medically treated.
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direct instance of:
#$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$Individual
#$Surgery surgical procedures
A specialization of #$MedicalCareEvent.
Each instance of #$Surgery
is a medical care event in which a medical professional cuts
a part of a living body, either to examine what's inside (a
diagnostic, exploratory surgery) or to treat an ailment (an
instance of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent).
Instances of #$Surgery
which are also instances of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent
include: removal of some object - such as a cancer or an
organ that's causing trouble - from the body; insertion of a
medical device (e.g, a pacemaker) into the body; repair of
some internal structure.
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direct instance of: #$ProductType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareEvent
#$Anesthesia anesthesia
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of events; a subcollection of #$DrugTherapy
(q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia,
a #$BiologicalLivingObject
undergoes the effect of some instance of #$Anesthetic, the
effect of which is to eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia
events occur in connection with other medical care events,
so that a patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that
would otherwise be associated with those medical procedures.
#$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various
ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may
topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous
system to the point where the animal loses consciousness,
etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ,
according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the
patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of #$Anesthesia.
See also #$AdministeringADrug.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$DrugTherapy
#$DrugTherapy drug therapies
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A collection of medical care events in which drugs
accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy
is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.).
An instance of #$DrugTherapy
is the event of the patient's body undergoing the
physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy
events do not include the administration of the drug;
rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug.
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direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalTreatmentEvent
direct generalization of:
#$Anesthesia
#$DrugSubstance drugs
(tangible things) (things with a location) (spatial things)
A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible.
Each instance of #$DrugSubstance
is something that can be introduced into an organism's body
to produce certain physiological effects. This collection
includes naturally-occurring substances, as well as
manufactured substances (for the latter, see the
specialization #$DrugProduct).
guid: bfc1633e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$DrugProduct
#$DrugProduct medicines
A specialization of both #$Artifact and #$DrugSubstance.
Each instance of #$DrugProduct
is a drug substance manufactured by some agent. Instances of
#$DrugProduct
include drugs prescribed by a physician, drugs purchased as
over-the-counter medicines, and drugs used for recreational
purposes (so #$AlcoholicBeverage, #$Nicotine, and #$Caffeine
are specializations).
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direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Artifact-NonAgentive #$DrugSubstance #$Artifact #$ConsumableProduct
direct generalization of:
#$PrescriptionDrug
#$PharmacyProductType pharmacy products
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of pharmaceutical product types,
including drugs and pharmaceutical devices.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ProductType
#$PrescriptionDrug prescription drugs
A specialization of #$DrugProduct.
The collection of drugs that require a doctor's permission
before obtaining or consuming them. See also #$DrugPrescription,
#$prescribedDrug, #$prescriptionFilled and #$prescriptionFor.
guid: bd58ae7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PharmacyProductType
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$DrugProduct
#$DrugPrescription prescriptions
(visual information sources) (ibt) (artifacts)
A specialization of #$OfficialDocument.
Each instance of this collection is a document in which a
doctor (#$Doctor-Medical)
authorizes a patient to purchase a certain amount of a #$PrescriptionDrug
and take it according to some specified schedule. See also
the predicates #$prescriptionFilled and #$prescribedDrug.
guid: c0fd5806-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of:
#$OfficialDocument
#$Pharmacy local pharmacies
#$Pharmacy
is a specialization of
#$PharmaceuticalDispensingOrganization, #$CommercialServiceOrganization,
and #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients.
Each instance of #$Pharmacy
is a (local-level) organization which sells mainly
prescription drugs, but usually also carries
non-prescription drugs and other medical supplies that might
be needed by a family or individual. Sometimes these are
free-standing stores, sometimes departments within other
stores (like drugstores and supermarkets).
guid: c0fd4a67-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PharmaceuticalDispensingOrganization #$ServiceEstablishment
#$DrugTherapyUseFn drug
therapy use fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of events in which instances of ARG1
are used to achieve a medical purpose. These events do not
include the administration of the drug - they are the
scripts which result from that administration.
guid: c0fd5a29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$HospitalCareEvent hospital stays
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
What happens when you are in the hospital being
treated for a disease like Cancer or Hepatitis or AIDS, or
recovering from Surgery. This is not just a #$MedicalCareEvent
which happens in a hospital; it's the whole event meant by a
hospital stay. Also see #$HospitalRoomStay which only
represents the stay in the room.
guid: bd58d724-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareEvent
#$RadiationTherapy radiotherapies
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Medical treatments in which parts of the body are
irradiated. The common place this occurs is in the treatment
of cancer.
guid: bd58af26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$HospitalCareEvent
#$PhysicalTherapy physical therapy
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A form of therapy involving exercise, massage,
heat, cold and electrical stimulation. #$PhysicalTherapy
is usually for treatment of muscle, joint and associated
tissue problems, as well as neurological ailments.
guid: c0fd5a17-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalTreatmentEvent
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