- Cell notation
- write($row, $column, $token, $format)
- write_number($row, $column, $number, $format)
- write_string($row, $column, $string, $format)
- write_formula($row, $column, $formula, $format)
- write_blank($row, $column, $format)
- write_row($row, $column, $array_ref, $format)
- write_col($row, $column, $array_ref, $format)
- write_url($row, $col, $url, $string, $format)
- write_url_range($row1, $col1, $row2, $col2, $url, $string, $format)
- insert_bitmap($row, $col, $filename, $x, $y, $scale_x, $scale_y)
- get_name()
- activate()
- select()
- set_first_sheet()
- protect($password)
- set_selection($first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col)
- set_row($row, $height, $format)
- set_column($first_col, $last_col, $width, $format, $hidden)
- freeze_panes($row, $col, $top_row, $left_col)
- thaw_panes($y, $x, $top_row, $left_col)
- merge_cells($first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col)
- set_zoom($scale)
- set_landscape()
- set_portrait()
- set_paper($index)
- center_horizontally()
- center_vertically()
- set_margins($inches)
- set_header($string, $margin)
- set_footer()
- repeat_rows($first_row, $last_row)
- repeat_columns($first_col, $last_col)
- hide_gridlines()
- print_row_col_headers()
- print_area($first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col)
- fit_to_pages($width, $height)
- set_print_scale($scale)
- set_h_pagebreaks(@breaks)
- set_v_pagebreaks(@breaks)
- set_properties(%properties)
- set_font($fontname)
- set_size()
- set_color()
- set_bold()
- set_italic()
- set_underline()
- set_strikeout()
- set_script()
- set_outline()
- set_shadow()
- set_num_format()
- set_locked()
- set_hidden()
- set_align()
- set_merge()
- set_text_wrap()
- set_rotation()
- set_text_justlast()
- set_pattern()
- set_fg_color()
- set_border()
- set_border_color()
- copy($format)
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel - Write to a cross-platform Excel binary file.
This document refers to version 0.35 of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel, released March 18, 2002.
To write a string, a formatted string, a number and a formula to the first worksheet in an Excel workbook called perl.xls:
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel;
# Create a new Excel workbook
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("perl.xls");
# Add a worksheet
$worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet();
# Add and define a format
$format = $workbook->addformat(); # Add a format
$format->set_bold();
$format->set_color('red');
$format->set_align('center');
# Write a formatted and unformatted string, row and column notation.
$col = $row = 0;
$worksheet->write($row, $col, "Hi Excel!", $format);
$worksheet->write(1, $col, "Hi Excel!");
# Write a number and a formula using A1 notation
$worksheet->write('A3', 1.2345);
$worksheet->write('A4', '=SIN(PI()/4)');
The Spreadsheet::WriteExcel module can be used to create a cross-platform Excel binary file. Multiple worksheets can be added to a workbook and formatting can be applied to cells. Text, numbers, formulas, hyperlinks and images can be written to the cells.
The Excel file produced by this module is compatible with Excel 5, 95, 97, 2000 and 2002.
The module will work on the majority of Windows, UNIX and Macintosh platforms. Generated files are also compatible with the Linux/UNIX spreadsheet applications Gnumeric and OpenOffice.
This module cannot be used to write to an existing Excel file.
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel tries to provide an interface to as many of Excel's features as possible. As a result there is a lot of documentation to accompany the interface and it can be difficult at first glance to see what it important and what is not. So for those of you who prefer to assemble Ikea furniture first and then read the instructions, here are three easy steps:
1. Create a new Excel workbook (i.e. file) using new().
2. Add a worksheet to the new workbook using addworksheet().
3. Write to the worksheet using write().
Like this:
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; # Step 0
$workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("perl.xls"); # Step 1
$worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Step 2
$worksheet->write('A1', "Hi Excel!"); # Step 3
This will create an Excel file called perl.xls with a single worksheet and the text "Hi Excel!" in the relevant cell. And that's it. Okay, so there is actually a zeroth
step as well, but use module goes without saying. There are also more than 20 examples that come with
the distribution and which you can use to get you started. See EXAMPLES.
Those of you who read the instructions first and assemble the furniture afterwards will know how to proceed. ;-)
The Spreadsheet::WriteExcel module provides an object oriented interface to a new Excel workbook. The following methods are available through a new workbook.
new()
close()
addworksheet($sheetname)
addformat()
sheets()
set_1904()
If you are unfamiliar with object oriented interfaces or the way that they
are implemented in Perl have a look at perlobj and perltoot in the main Perl documentation.
A new Excel workbook is created using the new() constructor which accepts either a filename or a filehandle as a parameter.
The following example creates a new Excel file based on a filename:
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new('filename.xls');
my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet();
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "Hi Excel!");
Here are some other examples of using new() with filenames:
my $workbook1 = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new($filename);
my $workbook2 = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("/tmp/filename.xls");
my $workbook3 = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("c:\\tmp\\filename.xls");
my $workbook4 = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new('c:\tmp\filename.xls');
The last two examples demonstrates how to create a file on DOS or Windows
where it is necessary to either escape the directory separator \ or to use single quotes to ensure that it isn't interpolated. For more
information see perlfaq5: Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths?.
The new() constructor returns a Spreadsheet::WriteExcel object that you can use to
add worksheets and store data. It should be noted that although my is not specifically required it defines the scope of the new workbook
variable and, in the majority of cases, ensures that the workbook is closed
properly without explicitly calling the close() method.
If the file cannot be created, due to file permissions or some other
reason, new will return undef. Therefore, it is good practice to check the return value of new before proceeding. As usual the Perl variable $! will be set if there is a file creation error. You will also see one of the
warning messages detailed in DIAGNOSTICS:
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new('protected.xls');
die "Problems creating new Excel file: $!" unless defined $workbook;
You can also pass a valid filehandle to the new() constructor. For example in a CGI program you could do something like this:
binmode(STDOUT);
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new(\*STDOUT);
The requirement for binmode() is explained below.
For CGI programs you can also use the special Perl filename '-' which will redirect the output to STDOUT:
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new('-');
See also, the cgi.pl program in the examples directory of the distro. However, this special case will not work in mod_perl programs where you will have to do something like the following:
tie *XLS, 'Apache';
binmode(XLS);
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new(\*XLS);
Filehandles can also be useful if you want to stream an Excel file over a
socket or if you want to store an Excel file in a tied scalar. For some
examples of using filehandles with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel see the filehandle.pl program in the examples directory of the distro.
Note about the requirement for binmode(): An Excel file is comprised of binary data. Therefore, if you are using a
filehandle you should ensure that you binmode() it prior to passing it to new().You can safely do this regardless of whether your platform requires it or
not. For more information about binmode() see perlfunc and perlopentut in the main Perl documentation. It is equally important to note that you do
not need to binmode() a filename. In fact it would cause an error. Spreadsheet::WriteExcel
performs the binmode() internally when it converts the filename to a filehandle.
The close() method can be used to explicitly close an Excel file.
$workbook->close();
An explicit close() is required if the file must be closed prior to performing some external
action on it such as copying it, reading its size or attaching it to an
email.
In addition, close() may be required if the scope of the Workbook, Worksheet or Format objects
cannot be determined by perl. Situations where this can occur are:
The reason for this is that Spreadsheet::WriteExcel relies on Perl's DESTROY mechanism to trigger destructor methods in a specific sequence. This will
not happen if the scope of the variables cannot be determined.
In general, if you create a file with a size of 0 bytes or you fail to
create a file you need to call close().
At least one worksheet should be added to a new workbook. A worksheet is used to write data into cells:
$worksheet1 = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Sheet1
$worksheet2 = $workbook->addworksheet('Foglio2'); # Foglio2
$worksheet3 = $workbook->addworksheet('Data'); # Data
$worksheet4 = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Sheet4
If $sheetname is not specified the default Excel convention will be followed, i.e.
Sheet1, Sheet2, etc.
Note, you cannot use the same sheet name in more than one worksheet.
The addformat() method can be used to create new Format objects which are used to apply
formatting to a cell. You can either define the properties at creation time
via a hash of property values or later via method calls.
$format1 = $workbook->addformat(%props); # Set properties at creation
$format2 = $workbook->addformat(); # Set properties later
See the CELL FORMATTING section for more details about Format properties and how to set them.
The sheets() method returns a list of the worksheets in a workbook. This can be useful
if you want to repeat an operation on each worksheet in a workbook or if
you wish to refer to a worksheet by its index:
foreach $worksheet ($workbook->sheets()) {
print $worksheet->get_name();
}
# or:
($workbook->sheets())[5]->write('A1', "Hello");
Note: This functionality was previously available via the worksheets() method which returned an array ref. This was unnecessarily complicated. The worksheets() method is still available but deprecated.
Excel stores dates as real numbers where the integer part stores the number of days since the epoch and the fractional part stores the percentage of the day. The epoch can be either 1900 or 1904. Excel for Windows uses 1900 and Excel for Macintosh uses 1904. However, Excel on either platform will convert automatically between one system and the other.
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel stores dates in the 1900 format by default. If you
wish to change this you can call the set_1904() workbook method. You can query the current value by calling the get_1904() workbook method. This returns 0 for 1900 and 1 for 1904.
See also Dates in Excel for more information about working with Excel's date system.
In general you probably won't need to use set_1904().
A new worksheet is created by calling the addworksheet() method from a workbook object:
$worksheet1 = $workbook->addworksheet();
$worksheet2 = $workbook->addworksheet();
The following methods are available through a new worksheet:
write()
write_row()
write_col()
write_number()
write_string()
write_formula()
write_blank()
write_url()
write_url_range()
insert_bitmap()
get_name()
activate()
select()
protect()
set_first_sheet()
set_selection()
set_row()
set_column()
freeze_panes()
thaw_panes()
merge_cells()
set_zoom()
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel supports two forms of notation to designate the position of cells: Row-column notation and A1 notation.
Row-column notation uses a zero based index for both row and column while A1 notation uses the standard Excel alphanumeric sequence of column letter and 1-based row. For example:
(0, 0) # The top left cell in row-column notation.
('A1') # The top left cell in A1 notation.
(1999, 29) # Row-column notation.
('AD2000') # The same cell in A1 notation.
Row-column notation is useful if you are referring to cells programmatically:
for my $i (0 .. 9) {
$worksheet->write($i, 0, 'Hello'); # Cells A1 to A10
}
A1 notation is useful for setting up a worksheet manually and for working with formulas:
$worksheet->write('H1', 200);
$worksheet->write('H2', '=H1+1');
The Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Utility module that is included in the distro contains helper functions for dealing
with A1 notation, for example:
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Utility;
($row, $col) = xl_cell_to_rowcol('C2'); # (1, 2)
$str = xl_rowcol_to_cell(1, 2); # C2
For simplicity, the parameter lists for the worksheet method calls in the following sections are given in terms of row-column notation. In all cases it is also possible to use A1 notation.
Excel distinguishes between data types such as strings, numbers, blanks,
formulas and hyperlinks. To simplify the process of writing data Spreadsheet::WriteExcel provides the write() method as a general alias to several more specific methods for writing to a
cell in Excel:
write_string()
write_number()
write_blank()
write_formula()
write_url()
write_row()
write_col()
Here are some examples in both row-column and A1 notation:
# Same as:
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "Hello" ); # write_string()
$worksheet->write(1, 0, 'One' ); # write_string()
$worksheet->write(2, 0, 2 ); # write_number()
$worksheet->write(3, 0, 3.00001 ); # write_number()
$worksheet->write(4, 0, "" ); # write_blank()
$worksheet->write(5, 0, '' ); # write_blank()
$worksheet->write(6, 0, undef ); # write_blank()
$worksheet->write(7, 0 ); # write_blank()
$worksheet->write(8, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/'); # write_url()
$worksheet->write('A9', 'ftp://ftp.cpan.org/' ); # write_url()
$worksheet->write('A10', 'internal:Sheet1!A1' ); # write_url()
$worksheet->write('A11', 'external:c:\foo.xls' ); # write_url()
$worksheet->write('A12', '=A3 + 3*A4' ); # write_formula()
$worksheet->write('A13', '=SIN(PI()/4)' ); # write_formula()
$worksheet->write('A14', \@array ); # write_row()
$worksheet->write('A15', [\@array] ); # write_col()
The general rule is that if it looks like a something then a something is written. The "looks like" is defined by regular expressions:
write_number() if $token is a number based on the following regex: $token =~ /^([+-]?)(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(\.\d*)?([Ee]([+-]?\d+))?$/.
write_blank() if $token is undef or a blank string: undef, "" or ''.
write_url() if $token is a http, ftp or mailto URL based on the following regexes: $token =~ m|^[fh]tt?p://| or $token =~ m|^mailto:|.
write_url() if $token is an internal or external sheet reference based on the following regex: $token =~ m[^(in|ex)ternal:].
write_formula() if the first character of $token is "=".
write_row() if $token is an array ref.
write_col() if $token is an array ref of array refs.
write_string() if none of the previous conditions apply.
The $format parameter is optional. It should be a valid Format object, see CELL FORMATTING:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_bold();
$format->set_color('red');
$format->set_align('center');
$worksheet->write(4, 0, "Hello", $format ); # Formatted string
The write() method will ignore empty string or undef tokens unless a format is also supplied. As such you needn't worry about
special handling for empty or undef values in your data. See also the the write_blank() method.
One problem with the write() method is that occasionally data looks like a number but you don't want it
treated as a number. For example, zip codes or phone numbers often start
with a leading zero. If you write it as a number then the leading
zero(s) will be stripped. To get around this you can either
explicitly write the number as a string or write the number with a number
format:
# write as a number (1209)
$worksheet->write('A1', '01209');
# Format as a string (01209)
$worksheet->write_string('A2', '01209');
# Format as a number (01209)
my $format = $workbook->addformat(num_format => '00000');
$worksheet->write('A3', '01209', $format);
Note, Excel writes strings with a left justification and numbers with a right justification so you may want to add an align format as well, CELL FORMATTING.
The write methods return:
0 for success.
-1 for insufficient number of arguments.
-2 for row or column out of bounds.
-3 for string too long.
Write an integer or a float to the cell specified by $row and $column:
$worksheet->write_number(0, 0, 123456);
$worksheet->write_number('A2', 2.3451);
See the note about Cell notation. The $format parameter is optional.
In general it is sufficient to use the write() method.
Write a string to the cell specified by $row and $column:
$worksheet->write_string(0, 0, "Your text here" );
$worksheet->write_string('A2', "or here" );
See the note about Cell notation. The maximum string size is 255 characters. The $format parameter is optional.
In general it is sufficient to use the write() method.
Write a formula or function to the cell specified by $row and $column:
$worksheet->write_formula(0, 0, '=$B$3 + B4' );
$worksheet->write_formula(1, 0, '=SIN(PI()/4)');
$worksheet->write_formula(2, 0, '=SUM(B1:B5)' );
$worksheet->write_formula('A4', '=IF(A3>1,"Yes", "No")' );
$worksheet->write_formula('A5', '=AVERAGE(1, 2, 3, 4)' );
$worksheet->write_formula('A6', '=DATEVALUE("1-Jan-2001")');
See the note about Cell notation. For more information about writing Excel formulas see FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL
In general it is sufficient to use the write() method.
Write a blank cell specified by $row and $column:
$worksheet->write_blank(0, 0, $format);
This method is used to add formatting to a cell which doesn't contain a string or number value.
Excel differentiates between an "Empty" cell and a "Blank" cell. An "Empty" cell is a cell which doesn't contain data whilst a "Blank" cell is a cell which doesn't contain data but does contain formatting. Excel stores "Blank" cells but ignores "Empty" cells.
As such, if you write an empty cell without formatting it is ignored:
$worksheet->write('A1', undef, $format); # write_blank()
$worksheet->write('A2', undef ); # Ignored
This seemingly uninteresting fact means that you can write arrays of data without special treatment for undef or empty string values.
See the note about Cell notation.
The write_row() method can be used to write a 1D or 2D array or data in one go. This is
useful for converting the results of a database query into an Excel
worksheet. You must pass a reference to the array of data rather than the
array itself. The write() method is then called for each element of the data. For example:
@array = ('awk', 'gawk', 'mawk');
$array_ref = \@array;
$worksheet->write_row(0, 0, $array_ref);
# The above example is equivalent to:
$worksheet->write(0, 0, $array[0]);
$worksheet->write(0, 1, $array[1]);
$worksheet->write(0, 2, $array[2]);
Note: For convenience the write() method behaves in the same way as write_row() if it is passed an array reference. Therefore the following two method
calls are equivalent:
$worksheet->write_row('A1', $array_ref); # Write a row of data
$worksheet->write( 'A1', $array_ref); # Same thing
As with all of the write methods the $format parameter is optional. If a format is specified it is applied to all the
elements of the data array.
Array references within the data will be treated as columns. This allows you to write 2D arrays of data in one go. For example:
@eec = (
['maggie', 'milly', 'molly', 'may' ],
[13, 14, 15, 16 ],
['shell', 'star', 'crab', 'stone']
);
$worksheet->write_row('A1', \@eec);
Would produce a worksheet as follows:
-----------------------------------------------------------
| | A | B | C | D | E | ...
-----------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | maggie | 13 | shell | ... | ... | ...
| 2 | milly | 14 | star | ... | ... | ...
| 3 | molly | 15 | crab | ... | ... | ...
| 4 | may | 16 | stone | ... | ... | ...
| 5 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
| 6 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
To write the data in a row-column order refer to the write_col() method below.
Any undef values in the data will be ignored unless a format is applied to the data,
in which case a formatted blank cell will be written. In either case the
appropriate row or column value will still be incremented.
To find out more about array references refer to perlref and perlreftut in the main Perl documentation. To find out more about 2D arrays or
"lists of lists" refer to perllol.
The write_row() method returns the first error encountered when writing the elements of the
data or zero if no errors were encountered. See the return values described
for the write() method above.
See also the write_arrays.pl program in the examples directory of the distro.
The write_col() method can be used to write a 1D or 2D array or data in one go. This is
useful for converting the results of a database query into an Excel
worksheet. You must pass a reference to the array of data rather than the
array itself. The write() method is then called for each element of the data. For example:
@array = ('awk', 'gawk', 'mawk');
$array_ref = \@array;
$worksheet->write_col(0, 0, $array_ref);
# The above example is equivalent to:
$worksheet->write(0, 0, $array[0]);
$worksheet->write(1, 0, $array[1]);
$worksheet->write(2, 0, $array[2]);
As with all of the write methods the $format parameter is optional. If a format is specified it is applied to all the
elements of the data array.
Array references within the data will be treated as rows. This allows you to write 2D arrays of data in one go. For example:
@eec = (
['maggie', 'milly', 'molly', 'may' ],
[13, 14, 15, 16 ],
['shell', 'star', 'crab', 'stone']
);
$worksheet->write_col('A1', \@eec);
Would produce a worksheet as follows:
-----------------------------------------------------------
| | A | B | C | D | E | ...
-----------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | maggie | milly | molly | may | ... | ...
| 2 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | ... | ...
| 3 | shell | star | crab | stone | ... | ...
| 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
| 5 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
| 6 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
To write the data in a column-row order refer to the write_row() method above.
Any undef values in the data will be ignored unless a format is applied to the data,
in which case a formatted blank cell will be written. In either case the
appropriate row or column value will still be incremented.
As noted above the write() method can be used as a synonym for write_row() and write_row() handles nested array refs as columns. Therefore, the following two method
calls are equivalent although the more explicit call to write_col() would be preferable for maintainability:
$worksheet->write_col('A1', $array_ref ); # Write a column of data
$worksheet->write( 'A1', [ $array_ref ]); # Same thing
To find out more about array references refer to perlref and perlreftut in the main Perl documentation. To find out more about 2D arrays or
"lists of lists" refer to perllol.
The write_col() method returns the first error encountered when writing the elements of the
data or zero if no errors were encountered. See the return values described
for the write() method above.
See also the write_arrays.pl program in the examples directory of the distro.
Write a hyperlink to a URL in the cell specified by $row and $column. The hyperlink is comprised of two elements: the visible label and the
invisible link. The visible label is the same as the link unless an
alternative string is specified. The parameters $string and the $format are optional and their position is interchangeable.
The label is written using the write_string() method. Therefore the 255 characters string limit applies to the label: the
URL can be any length.
There are three web style URI's supported: http://, ftp:// and mailto::
$worksheet->write_url(0, 0, 'ftp://www.perl.org/' );
$worksheet->write_url(1, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/', 'Perl home' );
$worksheet->write_url('A3', 'http://www.perl.com/', $format );
$worksheet->write_url('A4', 'http://www.perl.com/', 'Perl', $format);
$worksheet->write_url('A5', 'mailto:jmcnamara@cpan.org' );
There are two local URIs supported: internal: and external:. These are used for hyperlinks to internal worksheet references or
external workbook and worksheet references:
$worksheet->write_url('A6', 'internal:Sheet2!A1' );
$worksheet->write_url('A7', 'internal:Sheet2!A1', $format );
$worksheet->write_url('A8', 'internal:Sheet2!A1:B2' );
$worksheet->write_url('A9', q{internal:'Sales Data'!A1} );
$worksheet->write_url('A10', 'external:c:\temp\foo.xls' );
$worksheet->write_url('A11', 'external:c:\temp\foo.xls#Sheet2!A1' );
$worksheet->write_url('A12', 'external:..\..\..\foo.xls' );
$worksheet->write_url('A13', 'external:..\..\..\foo.xls#Sheet2!A1' );
$worksheet->write_url('A13', 'external:\\\\NETWORK\share\foo.xls' );
All of the these URI types are recognised by the write() method, see above.
Worksheet references are typically of the form Sheet1!A1. You can also refer to a worksheet range using the standard Excel
notation: Sheet1!A1:B2.
In external links the workbook and worksheet name must be separated by the # character: external:Workbook.xls#Sheet1!A1'.
You can also link to a named range in the target worksheet. For example say
you have a named range called my_name in the workbook c:\temp\foo.xls you could link to it as follows:
$worksheet->write_url('A14', 'external:c:\temp\foo.xls#my_name');
Note, you cannot currently create named ranges with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
Excel requires that worksheet names containing spaces or non alphanumeric
characters are single quoted as follows 'Sales Data'!A1. If you need to do this in a single quoted string then you can either
escape the single quotes \' or use the quote operator q{} as described in perlop in the main Perl documentation.
Links to network files are also supported. MS/Novell Network files normally
begin with two back slashes as follows \\NETWORK\etc. In order to generate this in a single or double quoted string you will
have to escape the backslashes, '\\\\NETWORK\etc'.
If you are using double quote strings then you should be careful to escape
anything that looks like a metacharacter. For more information see perlfaq5: Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths?.
Finally, you can avoid most of these quoting problems by using forward slashes. These are translated internally to backslashes:
$worksheet->write_url('A14', "external:c:/temp/foo.xls" );
$worksheet->write_url('A15', 'external://NETWORK/share/foo.xls' );
Note: Hyperlinks are not available in Excel 5. They will appear as a string only.
See also, the note about Cell notation.
This method is essentially the same as the write_url() method described above. The main difference is that you can specify that
the link is available for a range of cells:
$worksheet->write_url(0, 0, 0, 3, 'ftp://www.perl.org/' );
$worksheet->write_url(1, 0, 0, 3, 'http://www.perl.com/', 'Perl home');
$worksheet->write_url('A3:D3', 'internal:Sheet2!A1' );
$worksheet->write_url('A4:D4', 'external:c:\temp\foo.xls' );
This method is generally only required when used in conjunction with merged
cells. See the merge_cells() method and the merge property of a Format object, CELL FORMATTING.
There is no way to force this behaviour through the write() method.
The parameters $string and the $format are optional and their position is interchangeable. However, they are
applied only to the first cell in the range.
Note: Hyperlinks are not available in Excel 5. They will appear as a string only.
See also, the note about Cell notation.
This method can be used to insert a bitmap into a worksheet. The bitmap
must be a 24 bit, true colour, bitmap. No other format is supported. The $x, $y, $scale_x and $scale_y parameters are optional.
$worksheet1->insert_bitmap('A1', 'perl.bmp');
$worksheet2->insert_bitmap('A1', '../images/perl.bmp');
$worksheet3->insert_bitmap('A1', '.c:\images\perl.bmp');
Note: you must call set_row() or set_column() before insert_bitmap() if you wish to change the default dimensions of any of the rows or columns
that the images occupies. Also, if you use large fonts then the height of
the row that they occupy may change automatically. This in turn could
affect the scaling of your image. To avoid this you should explicitly set
the height of the row using set_row().
The parameters $x and $y can be used to specify an offset from the top left hand corner of the the
cell specified by $row and $col. The offset values are in pixels.
$worksheet1->insert_bitmap('A1', 'perl.bmp', 32, 10);
The default width of a cell is 63 pixels. The default height of a cell is 17 pixels. The offsets are ignored if they are greater than the width or height of the underlying cell.
The pixels offsets can be calculated using the following relationships:
Wp = 7We +5
Hp = 4/3He
where:
We is the cell width in Excels units
Wp is width in pixels
He is the cell height in Excels units
Hp is height in pixels
The parameters $scale_x and $scale_y can be used to scale the inserted image horizontally and vertically:
# Scale the inserted image: width x 2.0, height x 0.8
$worksheet->insert_bitmap('A1', 'perl.bmp', 0, 0, 2, 0.8);
Note: although Excel allows you to import several graphics formats such as gif, jpeg, png and eps these are converted internally into a proprietary format. One of the few non-proprietary formats that Excel supports is 24 bit, true colour, bitmaps. Therefore if you wish to use images in any other format you must first use an external application such as ImageMagick/Perl::Magick to convert them to 24 bit bitmaps.
A later release will support the use of file handles and pre-encoded bitmap strings.
See also the images.pl program in the examples directory of the distro.
The get_name() method is used to retrieve the name of a worksheet. For example:
foreach my $sheet ($workbook->sheets()) {
print $sheet->get_name();
}
The activate() method is used to specify which worksheet is initially visible in a
multi-sheet workbook:
$worksheet1 = $workbook->addworksheet('To');
$worksheet2 = $workbook->addworksheet('the');
$worksheet3 = $workbook->addworksheet('wind');
$worksheet3->activate();
This is similar to the Excel VBA activate method. More than one worksheet
can be selected via the select() method, however only one worksheet can be active. The default value is the
first worksheet.
The select() method is used to indicate that a worksheet is selected in a multi-sheet
workbook:
$worksheet1->activate();
$worksheet2->select();
$worksheet3->select();
A selected worksheet has its tab highlighted. Selecting worksheets is a way
of grouping them together so that, for example, several worksheets could be
printed in one go. A worksheet that has been activated via the activate() method will also appear as selected. You probably won't need to use the select() method very often.
The activate() method determines which worksheet is initially selected. However, if there
are a large number of worksheets the selected worksheet may not appear on
the screen. To avoid this you can select which is the leftmost visible
worksheet using set_first_sheet():
for (1..20) {
$workbook->addworksheet;
}
$worksheet21 = $workbook->addworksheet();
$worksheet22 = $workbook->addworksheet();
$worksheet21->set_first_sheet();
$worksheet22->activate();
This method is not required very often. The default value is the first worksheet.
The protect() method is used to protect a worksheet from modification:
$worksheet->protect();
It can be turned off in Excel via the Tools->Protection->Unprotect Sheet menu command.
The protect() method also has the effect of enabling a cell's locked and hidden properties if they have been set. A "locked" cell cannot be
edited. A "hidden" cell will display the results of a formula but
not the formula itself. In Excel a cell's locked property is on by default.
# Set some format properties
my $unlocked = $workbook->addformat(locked => 0);
my $hidden = $workbook->addformat(hidden => 1);
# Enable worksheet protection
$worksheet->protect();
# This cell cannot be edited, it is locked by default
$worksheet->write('A1', '=1+2');
# This cell can be edited
$worksheet->write('A2', '=1+2', $unlocked);
# The formula in this cell isn't visible
$worksheet->write('A3', '=1+2', $hidden);
See also the set_locked and set_hidden format methods in CELL FORMATTING.
You can optionally add a password to the worksheet protection:
$worksheet->protect('drowssap');
Note, the worksheet level password in Excel provides very weak protection.
It does not encrypt your data in any way and it is very easy to deactivate.
Therefore, do not use the above method if you wish to protect sensitive
data or calculations. However, before you get worried, Excel's own workbook
level password protection does provide strong encryption in Excel 97+. For
reasons both ethical and technical, this will never be supported by Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
This method can be used to specify which cell or cells are selected in a
worksheet. The most common requirement is to select a single cell, in which
case $last_row and $last_col can be omitted. The active cell within a selected range is determined by
the order in which $first and $last are specified. It is also possible to specify a cell or a range using A1
notation. See the note about Cell notation.
Examples:
$worksheet1->set_selection(3, 3); # 1. Cell D4.
$worksheet2->set_selection(3, 3, 6, 6); # 2. Cells D4 to G7.
$worksheet3->set_selection(6, 6, 3, 3); # 3. Cells G7 to D4.
$worksheet4->set_selection('D4'); # Same as 1.
$worksheet5->set_selection('D4:G7'); # Same as 2.
$worksheet6->set_selection('G7:D4'); # Same as 3.
The default cell selections is (0, 0), 'A1'.
This method can be used to specify the height of a row. The $format parameter is optional, for additional information, see CELL FORMATTING.
$worksheet->set_row(0, 20); # Row 1 height set to 20
If you wish to set the format without changing the height you can pass undef as the height parameter:
$worksheet->set_row(0, undef, $format);
The $format parameter will only define a format if set_row() is called after the cells have been written:
$worksheet->write('A1', "Hello"); # Formatted
$worksheet->set_row(0, undef, $format);
$worksheet->write('B1', "Hello"); # Not formatted
This behaviour will be fixed in a future release.
This method can be used to specify the width of a single column or a range
of columns. If the method is applied to a single column the value of $first_col and $last_col should be the same. It is also possible to specify a column range using the
form of A1 notation used for columns. See the note about Cell notation.
Examples:
$worksheet->set_column(0, 0, 20); # Column A width set to 20
$worksheet->set_column(1, 3, 30); # Columns B-D width set to 30
$worksheet->set_column('E:E', 20); # Column E width set to 20
$worksheet->set_column('F:H', 30); # Columns F-H width set to 30
The width corresponds to the column width value that is specified in Excel. It is approximately equal to the length of a string in the default font of Arial 10. Unfortunately, there is no way to specify "AutoFit" for a column in the Excel file format. This feature is only available at runtime from within Excel.
The $format parameter is optional, for additional information, see CELL FORMATTING. If you wish to set the format without changing the width you can pass undef as the width parameter:
$worksheet->set_column(0, 0, undef, $format);
The $format parameter will not set the format for individual cells written by
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel, it only has an effect on cells written after the
workbook is opened in Excel. This behaviour will be fixed in a future
release.
The $hidden parameter is optional. It should be set to 1 if you wish to hide a column.
This can be used, for example, to hide intermediary steps in a complicated
calculation:
$worksheet->set_column('D:D', 20, $format, 1);
$worksheet->set_column('E:E', undef, undef, 1);
This method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal or vertical
regions known as panes and to also "freeze" these panes so that
the splitter bars are not visible. This is the same as the Window->Freeze Panes menu command in Excel
The parameters $row and $col are used to specify the location of the split. It should be noted that the
split is specified at the top or left of a cell and that the method uses
zero based indexing. Therefore to freeze the first row of a worksheet it is
necessary to specify the split at row 2 (which is 1 as the zero-based
index). This might lead you to think that you are using a 1 based index but
this is not the case.
You can set one of the $row and $col parameters as zero if you do not want either a vertical or horizontal
split.
Examples:
$worksheet->freeze_panes(1, 0); # Freeze the first row
$worksheet->freeze_panes('A2'); # Same using A1 notation
$worksheet->freeze_panes(0, 1); # Freeze the first column
$worksheet->freeze_panes('B1'); # Same using A1 notation
$worksheet->freeze_panes(1, 2); # Freeze the first row and first 2 columns
$worksheet->freeze_panes('C2'); # Same using A1 notation
The parameters $top_row and $left_col are optional. They are used to specify the top-most or left-most visible
row or column in the scrolling region of the panes. For example to freeze
the first row and to have the scrolling region begin at row twenty:
$worksheet->freeze_panes(1, 0, 20, 0);
You cannot use A1 notation for the $top_row and $left_col parameters.
See also the panes.pl program in the examples directory of the distribution.
This method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal or vertical
regions known as panes. This method is different from the freeze_panes() method in that the splits between the panes will be visible to the user and
each pane will have its own scroll bars.
The parameters $y and $x are used to specify the vertical and horizontal position of the split. The
units for $y and $x are the same as those used by Excel to specify row height and column width.
However, the vertical and horizontal units are different from each other.
Therefore you must specify the $y and $x parameters in terms of the row heights and column widths that you have set
or the default values which are 12.75 for a row and 8.43 for a column.
You can set one of the $y and $x parameters as zero if you do not want either a vertical or horizontal
split. The parameters $top_row and $left_col are optional. They are used to specify the top-most or left-most visible
row or column in the bottom-right pane.
Example:
$worksheet->thaw_panes(12.75, 0, 1, 0); # First row
$worksheet->thaw_panes(0, 8.43, 0, 1); # First column
$worksheet->thaw_panes(12.75, 8.43, 1, 1); # First row and column
You cannot use A1 notation with this method.
See also the freeze_panes() method and the panes.pl program in the examples directory of the distribution.
Merging cells is generally achieved by setting the merge property of a Format object, see CELL FORMATTING. However, in certain circumstances this is not sufficient and you must
additionally specify the cells to be merged via the merge_cells() method.
The main use of the merge_cells() method is to merge cells vertically. The merge_cells() method can also be used to merge cells that contain hyperlinks although
this can also be achieved via the write_url_range() method.
For an example of how to use this method see the merge3.pl program in the examples directory of the distribution.
This method is currently of limited use. It will play a more important role when Spreadsheet::WriteExcel moves to the Excel 97/2000 file format.
In general the set_merge() method is all that you will require to create merged cells, see CELL FORMATTING.
Set the worksheet zoom factor in the range 10 <= $scale <= 400:
$worksheet1->set_zoom(50);
$worksheet2->set_zoom(75);
$worksheet3->set_zoom(300);
$worksheet4->set_zoom(400);
The default zoom factor is 100. You cannot zoom to "Selection" because it is calculated by Excel at run-time.
Note, set_zoom() does not affect the scale of the printed page. For that you should use set_print_scale().
Page set-up methods affect the way that a worksheet looks when it is printed. They control features such as page headers and footers and margins. These methods are really just standard worksheet methods. They are documented here in a separate section for the sake of clarity.
The following methods are available for page set-up:
set_landscape()
set_portrait()
set_paper()
center_horizontally()
center_vertically()
set_margins()
set_header()
set_footer()
repeat_rows()
repeat_columns()
hide_gridlines()
print_row_col_headers()
print_area()
fit_to_pages()
set_print_scale()
set_h_pagebreaks()
set_v_pagebreaks()
A common requirement when working with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel is to apply
the same page set-up features to all of the worksheets in a workbook. To do
this you can use the sheets() method of the workbook class to access the array of worksheets in a workbook:
foreach $worksheet ($workbook->sheets()) {
$worksheet->set_landscape();
}
This method is used to set the orientation of a worksheet's printed page to landscape:
$worksheet->set_landscape(); # Landscape mode
This method is used to set the orientation of a worksheet's printed page to portrait. The default worksheet orientation is portrait, so you won't generally need to call this method.
$worksheet->set_portrait(); # Portrait mode
This method is used to set the paper format for the printed output of a worksheet. The following paper styles are available:
Index Paper format Paper size
===== ============ ==========
0 Printer default -
1 Letter 8 1/2 x 11 in
2 Letter Small 8 1/2 x 11 in
3 Tabloid 11 x 17 in
4 Ledger 17 x 11 in
5 Legal 8 1/2 x 14 in
6 Statement 5 1/2 x 8 1/2 in
7 Executive 7 1/4 x 10 1/2 in
8 A3 297 x 420 mm
9 A4 210 x 297 mm
10 A4 Small 210 x 297 mm
11 A5 148 x 210 mm
12 B4 250 x 354 mm
13 B5 182 x 257 mm
14 Folio 8 1/2 x 13 in
15 Quarto 215 x 275 mm
16 - 10x14 in
17 - 11x17 in
18 Note 8 1/2 x 11 in
19 Envelope 9 3 7/8 x 8 7/8
20 Envelope 10 4 1/8 x 9 1/2
21 Envelope 11 4 1/2 x 10 3/8
22 Envelope 12 4 3/4 x 11
23 Envelope 14 5 x 11 1/2
24 C size sheet -
25 D size sheet -
26 E size sheet -
27 Envelope DL 110 x 220 mm
28 Envelope C3 324 x 458 mm
29 Envelope C4 229 x 324 mm
30 Envelope C5 162 x 229 mm
31 Envelope C6 114 x 162 mm
32 Envelope C65 114 x 229 mm
33 Envelope B4 250 x 353 mm
34 Envelope B5 176 x 250 mm
35 Envelope B6 176 x 125 mm
36 Envelope 110 x 230 mm
37 Monarch 3.875 x 7.5 in
38 Envelope 3 5/8 x 6 1/2 in
39 Fanfold 14 7/8 x 11 in
40 German Std Fanfold 8 1/2 x 12 in
41 German Legal Fanfold 8 1/2 x 13 in
Note, it is likely that not all of these paper types will be available to the end user since it will depend on the paper formats that the user's printer supports. Therefore, it is best to stick to standard paper types.
$worksheet->set_paper(1); # US Letter
$worksheet->set_paper(9); # A4
If you do not specify a paper type the worksheet will print using the printer's default paper.
Center the worksheet data horizontally between the margins on the printed page:
$worksheet->center_horizontally();
Center the worksheet data vertically between the margins on the printed page:
$worksheet->center_vertically();
There are several methods available for setting the worksheet margins on the printed page:
set_margins() # Set all margins to the same value
set_margins_LR() # Set left and right margins to the same value
set_margins_TB() # Set top and bottom margins to the same value
set_margin_left(); # Set left margin
set_margin_right(); # Set right margin
set_margin_top(); # Set top margin
set_margin_bottom(); # Set bottom margin
All of these methods take a distance in inches as a parameter. Note: 1 inch = 25.4mm. ;-) The default left and right margin is 0.75 inch. The default top and bottom margin is 1.00 inch.
Headers and footers are generated using a $string which is a combination of plain text and control characters. The $margin parameter is optional.
The available control character are:
Control Category Description
======= ======== ===========
&L Justification Left
&C Center
&R Right
&P Information Page number
&N Total number of pages
&D Date
&T Time
&F File name
&A Worksheet name
&fontsize Font Font size
&"font,style" Font name and style
&U Single underline
&E Double underline
&S Strikethrough
&X Superscript
&Y Subscript
&& Miscellaneous Literal ampersand &
Text in headers and footers can be justified (aligned) to the left, center
and right by prefixing the text with the control characters &L, &C and &R.
For example (with ASCII art representation of the results):
$worksheet->set_header('&LHello');
---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Hello |
| |
$worksheet->set_header('&CHello');
---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Hello |
| |
$worksheet->set_header('&RHello');
---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Hello |
| |
If you do not specify any justification the text will be centred:
$worksheet->set_header('Hello');
---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Hello |
| |
You can also have text in each of the justification regions:
$worksheet->set_header('&LCiao&CBello&RCielo');
---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Ciao Bello Cielo |
| |
The information control characters act as variables that Excel will update as the workbook or worksheet changes. Times and dates are in the users default format:
$worksheet->set_header('Page &P of &N');
---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Page 1 of 6 |
| |
$worksheet->set_header('Updated at &T');
---------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| Updated at 12:30 PM |
| |
You can specify the font size of a section of the text by prefixing it with
the control character &n where n is the font size:
$worksheet1->set_header('&30Hello Big' );
$worksheet2->set_header('&10Hello Small');
You can specify the font of a section of the text by prefixing it with the
control sequence &"font,style" where fontname is a font name such as "Courier New" or "Times New
Roman" and style is one of the standard Windows font descriptions: "Regular",
"Italic", "Bold" or "Bold Italic":
$worksheet1->set_header('&"Courier New,Italic"Hello');
$worksheet2->set_header('&"Courier New,Bold Italic"Hello');
$worksheet3->set_header('&"Times New Roman,Regular"Hello');
It is possible to combine all of these features together to create
sophisticated headers and footers. As an aid to setting up complicated
headers and footers you can record a page set-up as a macro in Excel and
look at the format strings that VBA produces. Remember however that VBA
uses two double quotes "" to indicate a single double quote. For the last example above the
equivalent VBA code looks like this:
.LeftHeader = ""
.CenterHeader = "&""Times New Roman,Regular""Hello"
.RightHeader = ""
To include a single literal ampersand & in a header or footer you should use a double ampersand &&:
$worksheet1->set_header('Rhythm && Blues');
As stated above the margin parameter is optional. As with the other margins the value should be in inches. The default header and footer margin is 0.50 inch. The header and footer margin size can be set as follows:
$worksheet->set_header('&CHello', 0.75);
The header and footer margins are independent of the top and bottom margins.
Note, the header or footer string must be less than 255 characters. Strings longer than this will not be written and a warning will be generated.
Use of the set_footer() method is the same as the set_header() method explained above.
Set the number of rows to repeat at the top of each printed page.
For large Excel documents it is often desirable to have the first row or
rows of the worksheet print out at the top of each page. This can be
achieved by using the repeat_rows() method. The parameters $first_row and $last_row are zero based. The $last_row parameter is optional if you only wish to specify one row:
$worksheet1->repeat_rows(0); # Repeat the first row
$worksheet2->repeat_rows(0, 1); # Repeat the first two rows
Set the columns to repeat at the left hand side of each printed page.
For large Excel documents it is often desirable to have the first column or
columns of the worksheet print out at the left hand side of each page. This
can be achieved by using the repeat_columns() method. The parameters $first_column and $last_column are zero based. The $last_column parameter is optional if you only wish to specify one column. You can also
specify the columns using A1 column notation, see the note about Cell notation.
$worksheet1->repeat_columns(0); # Repeat the first column
$worksheet2->repeat_columns(0, 1); # Repeat the first two columns
$worksheet3->repeat_columns('A:A'); # Repeat the first column
$worksheet4->repeat_columns('A:B'); # Repeat the first two columns
This method is used to hide the gridlines on a printed page.
Gridlines are the lines that divide the cells on a worksheet. Printed gridlines are turned on by default. If you have defined your own cell borders you may wish to hide the gridlines on the printed page.
$worksheet->hide_gridlines();
Set the option to print the row and column headers on the printed page.
An Excel worksheet looks something like the following;
------------------------------------------
| | A | B | C | D | ...
------------------------------------------
| 1 | | | | | ...
| 2 | | | | | ...
| 3 | | | | | ...
| 4 | | | | | ...
|...| ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
The headers are the letters and numbers at the top and the left of the
worksheet. Since these headers serve mainly as a indication of position on
the worksheet they generally do not appear on the printed page. If you wish
to have them printed you can use the print_row_col_headers() method :
$worksheet->print_row_col_headers()
Do not confuse these headers with page headers as described in the set_header() section above.
This method is used to specify the area of the worksheet that will be printed. All four parameters must be specified. You can also use A1 notation, see the note about Cell notation.
$worksheet1->print_area("A1:H20"); # Cells A1 to H20
$worksheet2->print_area(0, 0, 19, 7); # The same
The fit_to_pages() method is used to fit the printed area to a specific number of pages both
vertically and horizontally. If the printed area exceeds the specified
number of pages it will be scaled down to fit. This guarantees that the
printed area will always appear on the specified number of pages even if
the page size or margins change.
$worksheet1->fit_to_pages(1, 1); # Fit to 1x1 pages
$worksheet2->fit_to_pages(2, 1); # Fit to 2x1 pages
$worksheet3->fit_to_pages(1, 2); # Fit to 1x2 pages
The print area can be defined using the print_area() method as described above.
A common requirement is to fit the printed output to "n" pages
wide but have the height be as long as necessary. To achieve this set the $height to zero or leave it blank:
$worksheet1->fit_to_pages(1, 0); # 1 page wide and as long as necessary
$worksheet2->fit_to_pages(1); # The same
Note that although it is valid to use both fit_to_pages() and set_print_scale() on the same worksheet only one of these options can be active at a time.
The last method call made will set the active option.
Note that fit_to_pages() will override any manual page breaks that are defined in the worksheet.
Set the scale factor of the printed page. Scale factors in the range 10 <= $scale <= 400 are valid:
$worksheet1->set_print_scale(50);
$worksheet2->set_print_scale(75);
$worksheet3->set_print_scale(300);
$worksheet4->set_print_scale(400);
The default scale factor is 100. Note, set_print_scale() does not affect the scale of the visible page in Excel. For that you should
use set_zoom().
Note also that although it is valid to use both fit_to_pages() and set_print_scale() on the same worksheet only one of these options can be active at a time.
The last method call made will set the active option.
Add horizontal page breaks to a worksheet. A page break causes all the data that follows it to be printed on the next page. Horizontal page breaks act between rows. To create a page break between rows 20 and 21 you must specify the break at row 21. However in zero index notation this is actually row 20. So you can pretend for a small while that you are using 1 index notation:
$worksheet1->set_h_pagebreaks(20); # Break between row 20 and 21
The set_h_pagebreaks() method will accept a list of page breaks and you can call it more than
once:
$worksheet2->set_h_pagebreaks( 20, 40, 60, 80, 100); # Add breaks
$worksheet2->set_h_pagebreaks(120, 140, 160, 180, 200); # Add some more
Note: If you specify the "fit to page" option via the fit_to_pages() method it will override all manual page breaks.
There is a silent limitation of about 1000 horizontal page breaks per worksheet in line with an Excel internal limitation.
Add vertical page breaks to a worksheet. A page break causes all the data that follows it to be printed on the next page. Vertical page breaks act between columns. To create a page break between columns 20 and 21 you must specify the break at column 21. However in zero index notation this is actually column 20. So you can pretend for a small while that you are using 1 index notation:
$worksheet1->set_v_pagebreaks(20); # Break between column 20 and 21
The set_v_pagebreaks() method will accept a list of page breaks and you can call it more than
once:
$worksheet2->set_v_pagebreaks( 20, 40, 60, 80, 100); # Add breaks
$worksheet2->set_v_pagebreaks(120, 140, 160, 180, 200); # Add some more
Note: If you specify the "fit to page" option via the fit_to_pages() method it will override all manual page breaks.
This section describes the methods and properties that are available for formatting cells in Excel. The properties of a cell that can be formatted include: fonts, colours, patterns, borders, alignment and number formatting.
Cell formatting is defined through a Format object. Format objects are
created by calling the workbook addformat() method as follows:
my $format1 = $workbook->addformat(); # Set properties later
my $format2 = $workbook->addformat(%props); # Set properties at creation
The format object holds all the formatting properties that can be applied to a cell, a row or a column. The process of setting these properties is discussed in the next section.
Once a Format object has been constructed and it properties have been set
it can be passed as an argument to the worksheet write methods as follows:
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "One", $format);
$worksheet->write_string(1, 0, "Two", $format);
$worksheet->write_number(2, 0, 3, $format);
$worksheet->write_blank(3, 0, $format);
Formats can also be passed to the worksheet set_row() and set_column() methods to define the default property for a row or column.
$worksheet->set_row(0, 15, $format);
$worksheet->set_column(0, 0, 15, $format);
However, the set_row() and set_column() methods will not set the format for individual cells written by WriteExcel,
they only have an effect on cells written after the workbook is opened in
Excel.
The following table shows the Excel format categories, the formatting properties that can be applied and the equivalent object method:
Category Description Property Method Name
-------- ----------- -------- -----------
Font Font type font set_font()
Font size size set_size()
Font color color set_color()
Bold bold set_bold()
Italic italic set_italic()
Underline underline set_underline()
Strikeout font_strikeout set_font_strikeout()
Super/Subscript font_script set_font_script()
Outline font_outline set_font_outline()
Shadow font_shadow set_font_shadow()
Number Numeric format num_format set_num_format()
Protection Lock cells locked set_locked()
Hide formulas hidden set_hidden()
Alignment Horizontal align align set_align()
Vertical align valign set_align()
Rotation rotation set_rotation()
Text wrap text_wrap set_text_wrap()
Justify last text_justlast set_text_justlast()
Merge merge set_merge()
Pattern Cell pattern pattern set_pattern()
Background color bg_color set_bg_color()
Foreground color fg_color set_fg_color()
Border Cell border border set_border()
Bottom border bottom set_bottom()
Top border top set_top()
Left border left set_left()
Right border right set_right()
Border color border_color set_border_color()
Bottom color bottom_color set_bottom_color()
Top color top_color set_top_color()
Left color left_color set_left_color()
Right color right_color set_right_color()
There are two ways of setting Format properties: by using the object method interface or by setting the property directly. For example, a typical use of the method interface would be as follows:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_bold();
$format->set_color('red');
By comparison the properties can be set directly by passing a hash of properties to the Format constructor:
my $format = $workbook->addformat(bold => 1, color => 'red');
or after the Format has been constructed by means of the set_properties() method as follows:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_properties(bold => 1, color => 'red');
You can also store the properties in one or more named hashes and pass them to the required method:
my %font = (
font => 'Arial',
size => 12,
color => 'blue',
bold => 1,
);
my %shading = (
fg_color => 'green',
pattern => 1,
);
my $format1 = $workbook->addformat(%font); # Font only
my $format2 = $workbook->addformat(%font, %shading); # Font and shading
The provision of two ways of setting properties might lead you to wonder which is the best way. The answer depends on the amount of formatting that will be required in your program. Initially, Spreadsheet::WriteExcel only allowed individual Format properties to be set via the appropriate method. While this was sufficient for most circumstances it proved very cumbersome in programs that required a large amount of formatting. In addition the mechanism for reusing properties between Format objects was complicated.
As a result the Perl/Tk style of adding properties was added to, hopefully, facilitate developers who need to define a lot of formatting. In fact the Tk style of defining properties is also supported:
my %font = (
-font => 'Arial',
-size => 12,
-color => 'blue',
-bold => 1,
);
An additional advantage of working with hashes of properties is that it allows you to share formatting between workbook objects
You can also create a format "on the fly" and pass it directly to a write method as follows:
$worksheet->write('A1', "Title", $workbook->addformat(bold => 1));
This corresponds to an "anonymous" format in the Perl sense of anonymous data or subs.
If you need to create an Excel file with a large amount of formatting you
can also use the lecxe.pl program in the examples directory of the distribution. lecxe is a Win32::OLE program written by Tomas Andersson which converts Excel
files to Spreadsheet::WriteExcel files. Therefore, you can use Excel to
define your formatting and have lecxe do the hard work for you.
The default format is Arial 10 with all other properties off.
Each unique format in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel must have a corresponding
Format object. It isn't possible to use a Format with a
write() method and then redefine the Format for use at a later
stage. This is because a Format is applied to a cell not in its current
state but in its final state. Consider the following example:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_bold();
$format->set_color('red');
$worksheet->write('A1', "Cell A1", $format);
$format->set_color('green');
$worksheet->write('B1', "Cell B1", $format);
Cell A1 is assigned the Format $format which is initially set to the colour red. However, the colour is
subsequently set to green. When Excel displays Cell A1 it will display the
final state of the Format which in this case will be the colour green.
In general a method call without an argument will turn a property on, for example:
my $format1 = $workbook->addformat();
$format1->set_bold(); # Turns bold on
$format1->set_bold(1); # Also turns bold on
$format1->set_bold(0); # Turns bold off
The Format object methods are described in more detail in the following
sections. In addition, there is a Perl program called formats.pl in the examples directory of the WriteExcel distribution. This program creates an Excel
workbook called formats.xls which contains examples of almost all the format types.
The following Format methods are available:
set_font()
set_size()
set_color()
set_bold()
set_italic()
set_underline()
set_font_strikeout()
set_font_script()
set_font_outline()
set_font_shadow()
set_num_format()
set_locked()
set_hidden()
set_align()
set_align()
set_rotation()
set_text_wrap()
set_text_justlast()
set_merge()
set_pattern()
set_bg_color()
set_fg_color()
set_border()
set_bottom()
set_top()
set_left()
set_right()
set_border_color()
set_bottom_color()
set_top_color()
set_left_color()
set_right_color()
The above methods can also be applied directly as properties. For example $worksheet->set_bold() is equivalent to set_properties(bold => 1).
The properties of an existing Format object can be set by means of set_properties():
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_properties(bold => 1, color => 'red');
You can also store the properties in one or more named hashes and pass them
to the set_properties() method:
my %font = (
font => 'Arial',
size => 12,
color => 'blue',
bold => 1,
);
my $format = $workbook->set_properties(%font);
This method can be used as an alternative to setting the properties with addformat() or the specific format methods that are detailed in the following sections.
Default state: Font is Arial
Default action: None
Valid args: Any valid font name
Specify the font used:
$format->set_font('Times New Roman');
Excel can only display fonts that are installed on the system that it is running on. Therefore it is best to use the fonts that come as standard such as 'Arial', 'Times New Roman' and 'Courier New'. See also the Fonts worksheet created by formats.pl
Default state: Font size is 10
Default action: Set font size to 1
Valid args: Integer values from 1 to as big as your screen.
Set the font size. Excel adjusts the height of a row to accommodate the
largest font size in the row. You can also explicitly specify the height of
a row using the set_row() worksheet method.
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_size(30);
Default state: Excels default color, usually black
Default action: Set the default color
Valid args: Integers from 8..63 or the following strings:
'aqua'
'black'
'blue'
'fuchsia'
'gray'
'green'
'lime'
'navy'
'orange'
'purple'
'red'
'silver'
'white'
'yellow'
Set the font colour. The set_color() method is used as follows:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_color('red');
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "wheelbarrow", $format);
Note: The set_color() method is used to set the colour of the font in a cell. To set the colour
of a cell use the set_fg_color() and set_pattern() methods.
For additional examples see the 'Named colors' and 'Standard colors' worksheets created by formats.pl in the examples directory.
Default state: bold is off
Default action: Turn bold on
Valid args: 0, 1 [1]
Set the bold property of the font:
$format->set_bold(); # Turn bold on
[1] Actually, values in the range 100..1000 are also valid. 400 is normal, 700 is bold and 1000 is very bold indeed. It is probably best to set the value to 1 and use normal bold.
Default state: Italic is off
Default action: Turn italic on
Valid args: 0, 1
Set the italic property of the font:
$format->set_italic(); # Turn italic on
Default state: Underline is off
Default action: Turn on single underline
Valid args: 0 = No underline
1 = Single underline
2 = Double underline
33 = Single accounting underline
34 = Double accounting underline
Set the underline property of the font.
$format->set_underline(); # Single underline
Default state: Strikeout is off
Default action: Turn strikeout on
Valid args: 0, 1
Set the strikeout property of the font.
Default state: Super/Subscript is off
Default action: Turn Superscript on
Valid args: 0 = Normal
1 = Superscript
2 = Subscript
Set the superscript/subscript property of the font. This format is currently not very useful.
Default state: Outline is off
Default action: Turn outline on
Valid args: 0, 1
Macintosh only.
Default state: Shadow is off
Default action: Turn shadow on
Valid args: 0, 1
Macintosh only.
Default state: General format
Default action: Format index 1
Valid args: See the following table
This method is used to define the numerical format of a number in Excel. It controls whether a number is displayed as an integer, a floating point number, a date, a currency value or some other user defined format.
The numerical format of a cell can be specified by using a format string or an index to one of Excel's built-in formats:
my $format1 = $workbook->addformat();
my $format2 = $workbook->addformat();
$format1->set_num_format('d mmm yyyy'); # Format string
$format2->set_num_format(0x0f); # Format index
$worksheet->write(0, 0, 36892.521, $format1); # 1 Jan 2001
$worksheet->write(0, 0, 36892.521, $format2); # 1-Jan-01
Using format strings you can define very sophisticated formatting of numbers.
$format01->set_num_format('0.000');
$worksheet->write(0, 0, 3.1415926, $format01); # 3.142
$format02->set_num_format('#,##0');
$worksheet->write(1, 0, 1234.56, $format02); # 1,235
$format03->set_num_format('#,##0.00');
$worksheet->write(2, 0, 1234.56, $format03); # 1,234.56
$format04->set_num_format('$0.00');
$worksheet->write(3, 0, 49.99, $format04); # $49.99
$format05->set_num_format('£0.00');
$worksheet->write(4, 0, 49.99, $format05); # £49.99
$format06->set_num_format('¥0.00');
$worksheet->write(5, 0, 49.99, $format06); # ¥49.99
$format07->set_num_format('mm/dd/yy');
$worksheet->write(6, 0, 36892.521, $format07); # 01/01/01
$format08->set_num_format('mmm d yyyy');
$worksheet->write(7, 0, 36892.521, $format08); # Jan 1 2001
$format09->set_num_format('d mmmm yyyy');
$worksheet->write(8, 0, 36892.521, $format09); # 1 January 2001
$format10->set_num_format('dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm AM/PM');
$worksheet->write(9, 0, 36892.521, $format10); # 01/01/2001 12:30 AM
$format11->set_num_format('0 "dollar and" .00 "cents"');
$worksheet->write(10, 0, 1.87, $format11); # 1 dollar and .87 cents
# Conditional formatting
$format12->set_num_format('[Green]General;[Red]-General;General');
$worksheet->write(11, 0, 123, $format12); # > 0 Green
$worksheet->write(12, 0, -45, $format12); # < 0 Red
$worksheet->write(13, 0, 0, $format12); # = 0 Default colour
# Zip code
$format13->set_num_format('00000');
$worksheet->write(14, 0, '01209', $format13);
The number system used for dates is described in Dates in Excel.
The colour format should have one of the following values:
[Black] [Blue] [Cyan] [Green] [Magenta] [Red] [White] [Yellow]
Alternatively you can specify the colour based on a colour index as
follows: [Color n], where n is a standard Excel colour index - 7. See the 'Standard colors'
worksheet created by formats.pl.
For more information refer to the documentation on formatting in the doc directory of the Spreadsheet::WriteExcel distro, the Excel on-line help or
to the tutorial at: http://support.microsoft.com/support/Excel/Content/Formats/default.asp
and http://support.microsoft.com/support/Excel/Content/Formats/codes.asp
You should ensure that the format string is valid in Excel prior to using it in WriteExcel.
Excel's built-in formats are shown in the following table:
Index Index Format String
0 0x00 General
1 0x01 0
2 0x02 0.00
3 0x03 #,##0
4 0x04 #,##0.00
5 0x05 ($#,##0_);($#,##0)
6 0x06 ($#,##0_);[Red]($#,##0)
7 0x07 ($#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00)
8 0x08 ($#,##0.00_);[Red]($#,##0.00)
9 0x09 0%
10 0x0a 0.00%
11 0x0b 0.00E+00
12 0x0c # ?/?
13 0x0d # ??/??
14 0x0e m/d/yy
15 0x0f d-mmm-yy
16 0x10 d-mmm
17 0x11 mmm-yy
18 0x12 h:mm AM/PM
19 0x13 h:mm:ss AM/PM
20 0x14 h:mm
21 0x15 h:mm:ss
22 0x16 m/d/yy h:mm
.. .... ...........
37 0x25 (#,##0_);(#,##0)
38 0x26 (#,##0_);[Red](#,##0)
39 0x27 (#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00)
40 0x28 (#,##0.00_);[Red](#,##0.00)
41 0x29 _(* #,##0_);_(* (#,##0);_(* "-"_);_(@_)
42 0x2a _($* #,##0_);_($* (#,##0);_($* "-"_);_(@_)
43 0x2b _(* #,##0.00_);_(* (#,##0.00);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)
44 0x2c _($* #,##0.00_);_($* (#,##0.00);_($* "-"??_);_(@_)
45 0x2d mm:ss
46 0x2e [h]:mm:ss
47 0x2f mm:ss.0
48 0x30 ##0.0E+0
49 0x31 @
For examples of these formatting codes see the 'Numerical formats' worksheet created by formats.pl.
Note 1. Numeric formats 23 to 36 are not documented by Microsoft and may differ in international versions.
Note 2. In Excel 5 the dollar sign appears as a dollar sign. In Excel 97-2000 it appears as the defined local currency symbol.
Note 3. The red negative numeric formats display slightly differently in Excel 5 and Excel 97-2000.
Default state: Cell locking is on
Default action: Turn locking on
Valid args: 0, 1
This property can be used to prevent modification of a cells contents.
Following Excel's convention, cell locking is turned on by default.
However, it only has an effect if the worksheet has been protected, see the
worksheet protect() method.
my $locked = $workbook->addformat();
$locked->set_locked(1); # A non-op
my $unlocked = $workbook->addformat();
$locked->set_locked(0);
# Enable worksheet protection
$worksheet->protect();
# This cell cannot be edited.
$worksheet->write('A1', '=1+2', $locked);
# This cell can be edited.
$worksheet->write('A2', '=1+2', $unlocked);
Note: This offers weak protection even with a password, see the note in
relation to the protect() method.
Default state: Formula hiding is off
Default action: Turn hiding on
Valid args: 0, 1
This property is used to hide a formula while still displaying its result.
This is generally used to hide complex calculations from end users who are
only interested in the result. It only has an effect if the worksheet has
been protected, see the worksheet protect() method.
my $hidden = $workbook->addformat();
$hidden->set_hidden();
# Enable worksheet protection
$worksheet->protect();
# The formula in this cell isn't visible
$worksheet->write('A1', '=1+2', $hidden);
Note: This offers weak protection even with a password, see the note in
relation to the protect() method.
Default state: Alignment is off
Default action: Left alignment
Valid args: 'left' Horizontal
'center'
'right'
'fill'
'justify'
'merge'
'top' Vertical
'vcenter'
'bottom'
'vjustify'
This method is used to set the horizontal and vertical text alignment within a cell. Vertical and horizontal alignments can be combined. The method is used as follows:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_align('center');
$format->set_align('vcenter');
$worksheet->set_row(0, 30);
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "X", $format);
Text can be aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the merge property. See also, the set_merge() method.
The vjustify (vertical justify) option can be used to provide automatic text wrapping in
a cell. The height of the cell will be adjusted to accommodate the wrapped
text. To specify where the text wraps use the set_text_wrap() method.
For further examples see the 'Alignment' worksheet created by formats.pl.
Default state: Cell merging is off
Default action: Turn cell merging on
Valid args: 1
Text can be aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the set_merge() method. This is an alias for the unintuitive set_align('merge') method call.
Only one cell should contain the text, the other cells should be blank:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_merge();
$worksheet->write(1, 1, 'Merged cells', $format);
$worksheet->write_blank(1, 2, $format);
See also the merge1.pl, merge2.pl and merge3.pl programs in the examples directory and the merge_cells() method.
Default state: Text wrap is off
Default action: Turn text wrap on
Valid args: 0, 1
Here is an example using the text wrap property, the escape character \n is used to indicate the end of line:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_text_wrap();
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "It's\na bum\nwrap", $format);
Excel will adjust the height of the row to accommodate the wrapped text. A
similar effect can be obtained without newlines using the set_align('vjustify') method. See the textwrap.pl program in the examples directory.
Default state: Text rotation is off
Default action: Rotation style 1
Valid args: 0 No rotation
1 Letters run from top to bottom
2 90° anticlockwise
3 90° clockwise
Set the rotation of the text in a cell. See the 'Alignment' worksheet created by formats.pl. Note, fractional rotations aren't possible with the Excel 5 format.
Default state: Justify last is off
Default action: Turn justify last on
Valid args: 0, 1
Only applies to Far Eastern versions of Excel.
Default state: Pattern is off
Default action: Solid fill is on
Valid args: 0 .. 31
Examples of the available patterns are shown in the 'Patterns' worksheet created by formats.pl. However, it is unlikely that you will ever need anything other than Pattern 1 which is a solid fill of the foreground color.
Also applies to: set_bg_color
Default state: Color is off
Default action: Undefined
Valid args: See set_color()
Note, the foreground and background colours will only have an effect if the cell pattern has been set. In the most common case you can specify the solid fill pattern and the foreground colour as follows:
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_pattern(); # Set pattern to 1, i.e. solid fill
$format->set_fg_color('green'); # Note foreground and not background
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "Ray", $format);
Also applies to: set_bottom()
set_top()
set_left()
set_right()
Default state: Border is off
Default action: Set border type 1
Valid args: 0 No border
1 Thin single border
2 Medium single border
3 Dashed border
4 Dotted border
5 Thick single border
6 Double line border
7 Hair border
A cell border is comprised of a border on the bottom, top, left and right.
These can be set to the same value using set_border() or individually using the relevant method calls shown above. Examples of
the available border styles are shown in the 'Borders' worksheet created by
formats.pl.
Also applies to: set_bottom_color()
set_top_color()
set_left_color()
set_right_color()
Default state: Color is off
Default action: Undefined
Valid args: See set_color()
Set the colour of the cell borders.
This method is used to copy all of the properties from one Format object to another:
my $lorry1 = $workbook->addformat();
$lorry1->set_bold();
$lorry1->set_italic();
$lorry1->set_color('red'); # lorry1 is bold, italic and red
my $lorry2 = $workbook->addformat();
$lorry2->copy($lorry1);
$lorry2->set_color('yellow'); # lorry2 is bold, italic and yellow
It is only useful if you are using the method interface to Format properties. It generally isn't required if you are setting Format properties directly using hashes.
Note: this is not a copy constructor, both objects must exist prior to copying.
Dates and times in Excel are represented by real numbers, for example "Jan 1 2001 12:30 AM" is represented by the number 36892.521.
The integer part of the number stores the number of days since the epoch and the fractional part stores the percentage of the day.
The epoch can be either 1900 or 1904. Excel for Windows uses 1900 and Excel for Macintosh uses 1904. The epochs are:
1900: 0 January 1900 i.e. 31 December 1899
1904: 1 January 1904
By default Spreadsheet::WriteExcel uses the Windows/1900 format although it
generally isn't an issue since Excel on Windows and the Macintosh will
convert automatically between one system and the other. To use the 1904
epoch you must use the set_1904() workbook method.
There are two things to note about the 1900 date format. The first is that the epoch starts on 0 January 1900. The second is that the year 1900 is erroneously but deliberately treated as a leap year. Therefore you must add an extra day to dates after 28 February 1900. The reason for this anomaly is explained at http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q181/3/70.asp
A date or time in Excel is like any other number. To display the number as
a date you must apply a number format to it. Refer to the set_num_format() method above:
$format->set_num_format('mmm d yyyy hh:mm AM/PM');
$worksheet->write('A1', 36892.521 , $format); # Jan 1 2001 12:30 AM
The Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Utility module that is included in the distro contains helper functions for dealing
with dates and times in Excel, for example:
$date = xl_date_list(2002, 1, 1); # 37257
$date = xl_parse_date("11 July 1997"); # 35622
$time = xl_parse_time('3:21:36 PM'); # 0.64
$date = xl_decode_date_EU("13 May 2002"); # 37389
These functions deal automatically with the s1900 leap year issue described above.
The date and time functions are based on functions provided by the Date::Calc and Date::Manip modules. These modules are very useful if you plan to manipulate dates in
different formats.
There is also the excel_date1.pl program in the examples directory of the WriteExcel distribution which was written by Andrew
Benham. It contains a detailed description of the problems involved in
calculating dates in Excel. It does not require any external modules.
It is also possible to get Excel to calculate dates for you by defining a function:
$worksheet->write('A1', '=DATEVALUE("1-Jan-2001")');
However, this carries a performance overhead in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel due to the parsing of the formula and it shouldn't be used for programs that deal with a large number of dates.
The first thing to note is that there are still some outstanding issues with the implementation of formulas and functions:
* Writing a formula is much slower than writing the equivalent string.
* Unary minus isn't supported.
* You cannot use arrays constants, i.e. {1;2;3}, in functions.
* You cannot use embedded double quotes in strings.
* Whitespace is not preserved around operators.
However, these constraints will be removed in future versions. They are here because of a trade-off between features and time.
The following is a brief introduction to formulas and functions in Excel and Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
A formula is a string that begins with an equals sign:
'=A1+B1'
'=AVERAGE(1, 2, 3)'
The formula can contain numbers, strings, boolean values, cell references, cell ranges and functions. Formulas should be written as they appear in Excel, that is cells and functions must be in uppercase.
Cells in Excel are referenced using the A1 notation system where the column
is designated by a letter and the row by a number. Columns range from A to
IV i.e. 0 to 255, rows range from 1 to 16384. The Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Utility module that is included in the distro contains helper functions for dealing
with A1 notation, for example:
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Utility;
($row, $col) = xl_cell_to_rowcol('C2'); # (1, 2)
$str = xl_rowcol_to_cell(1, 2); # C2
The Excel $ notation in cell references is also supported. This allows you to specify
whether a row or column is relative or absolute. This only has an effect if
the cell is copied. The following examples show relative and absolute
values.
'=A1' # Column and row are relative
'=$A1' # Column is absolute and row is relative
'=A$1' # Column is relative and row is absolute
'=$A$1' # Column and row are absolute
Formulas can also refer to cells in other worksheets of the current workbook. For example:
'=Sheet2!A1'
'=Sheet2!A1:A5'
'=Sheet2:Sheet3!A1'
'=Sheet2:Sheet3!A1:A5'
q{='Test Data'!A1}
q{='Test Data1:Test Data2'!A1}
The sheet reference and the cell reference are separated by ! the exclamation mark symbol. If worksheet names contain spaces then Excel
requires that the name is enclosed in single quotes as shown in the last
two examples above. In this case you will have to use the quote operator q{} to protect the quotes. See perlop in the main Perl documentation. Only valid sheet names that have been added
using the addworksheet() method can be used in formulas. You cannot reference external workbooks.
The following table lists the operators that are available in Excel's formulas. The majority of the operators are the same as Perl's, differences are indicated:
Arithmetic operators:
=====================
Operator Meaning Example
+ Addition 1+2
- Subtraction 2-1
* Multiplication 2*3
/ Division 1/4
^ Exponentiation 2^3 # Equivalent to **
- Unary minus -(1+2) # Not yet supported
% Percent (Not modulus) 13% # Not supported, [1]
Comparison operators:
=====================
Operator Meaning Example
= Equal to A1 = B1 # Equivalent to ==
<> Not equal to A1 <> B1 # Equivalent to !=
> Greater than A1 > B1
< Less than A1 < B1
>= Greater than or equal to A1 >= B1
<= Less than or equal to A1 <= B1
String operator:
================
Operator Meaning Example
& Concatenation "Hello " & "World!" # [2]
Reference operators:
====================
Operator Meaning Example
: Range operator A1:A4 # [3]
, Union operator SUM(1, 2+2, B3) # [4]
Notes:
[1]: You can get a percentage with formatting and modulus with MOD().
[2]: Equivalent to ("Hello " . "World!") in Perl.
[3]: This range is equivalent to cells A1, A2, A3 and A4.
[4]: The comma behaves like the list separator in Perl.
The range and comma operators can have different symbols in non-English versions of Excel. These will be supported in a later version of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. European users of Excel take note:
$worksheet->write('A1', '=SUM(1; 2; 3)'); # Wrong!!
$worksheet->write('A1', '=SUM(1, 2, 3)'); # Okay
The following table lists all of the core functions supported by Excel 5 and Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. Any additional functions that are available through the "Analysis ToolPak" or other add-ins are not supported. These functions have all been tested to verify that they work.
ABS DB INDIRECT NORMINV SLN
ACOS DCOUNT INFO NORMSDIST SLOPE
ACOSH DCOUNTA INT NORMSINV SMALL
ADDRESS DDB INTERCEPT NOT SQRT
AND DEGREES IPMT NOW STANDARDIZE
AREAS DEVSQ IRR NPER STDEV
ASIN DGET ISBLANK NPV STDEVP
ASINH DMAX ISERR ODD STEYX
ATAN DMIN ISERROR OFFSET SUBSTITUTE
ATAN2 DOLLAR ISLOGICAL OR SUBTOTAL
ATANH DPRODUCT ISNA PEARSON SUM
AVEDEV DSTDEV ISNONTEXT PERCENTILE SUMIF
AVERAGE DSTDEVP ISNUMBER PERCENTRANK SUMPRODUCT
BETADIST DSUM ISREF PERMUT SUMSQ
BETAINV DVAR ISTEXT PI SUMX2MY2
BINOMDIST DVARP KURT PMT SUMX2PY2
CALL ERROR.TYPE LARGE POISSON SUMXMY2
CEILING EVEN LEFT POWER SYD
CELL EXACT LEN PPMT T
CHAR EXP LINEST PROB TAN
CHIDIST EXPONDIST LN PRODUCT TANH
CHIINV FACT LOG PROPER TDIST
CHITEST FALSE LOG10 PV TEXT
CHOOSE FDIST LOGEST QUARTILE TIME
CLEAN FIND LOGINV RADIANS TIMEVALUE
CODE FINV LOGNORMDIST RAND TINV
COLUMN FISHER LOOKUP RANK TODAY
COLUMNS FISHERINV LOWER RATE TRANSPOSE
COMBIN FIXED MATCH REGISTER.ID TREND
CONCATENATE FLOOR MAX REPLACE TRIM
CONFIDENCE FORECAST MDETERM REPT TRIMMEAN
CORREL FREQUENCY MEDIAN RIGHT TRUE
COS FTEST MID ROMAN TRUNC
COSH FV MIN ROUND TTEST
COUNT GAMMADIST MINUTE ROUNDDOWN TYPE
COUNTA GAMMAINV MINVERSE ROUNDUP UPPER
COUNTBLANK GAMMALN MIRR ROW VALUE
COUNTIF GEOMEAN MMULT ROWS VAR
COVAR GROWTH MOD RSQ VARP
CRITBINOM HARMEAN MODE SEARCH VDB
DATE HLOOKUP MONTH SECOND VLOOKUP
DATEVALUE HOUR N SIGN WEEKDAY
DAVERAGE HYPGEOMDIST NA SIN WEIBULL
DAY IF NEGBINOMDIST SINH YEAR
DAYS360 INDEX NORMDIST SKEW ZTEST
You can also modify the module to support function names in the following
languages: German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Finnish, Italian and
Swedish. See the function_locale.pl program in the examples directory of the distro.
For a general introduction to Excel's formulas and an explanation of the syntax of the function refer to the Excel help files or the following links: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?URL=/library/officedev/office97/s88f2.htm and http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?URL=/library/officedev/office97/s992f.htm
If your formula doesn't work in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel try the following:
1. Verify that the formula works in Excel (or Gnumeric or OpenOffice).
2. Ensure that it isn't on the TODO list at the start of this section.
3. Ensure that cell references and formula names are in uppercase.
4. Ensure that you are using ':' as the range operator, A1:A4.
5. Ensure that you are using ',' as the union operator, SUM(1,2,3).
6. Ensure the function is in the above table.
If you go through steps 1-6 and you still have a problem, mail me.
The following example shows some of the basic features of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel;
# Create a new workbook called simple.xls and add a worksheet
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("simple.xls");
my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet();
# The general syntax is write($row, $column, $token). Note that row and
# column are zero indexed
# Write some text
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "Hi Excel!");
# Write some numbers
$worksheet->write(2, 0, 3); # Writes 3
$worksheet->write(3, 0, 3.00000); # Writes 3
$worksheet->write(4, 0, 3.00001); # Writes 3.00001
$worksheet->write(5, 0, 3.14159); # TeX revision no.?
# Write some formulas
$worksheet->write(7, 0, '=A3 + A6');
$worksheet->write(8, 0, '=IF(A5>3,"Yes", "No")');
# Write a hyperlink
$worksheet->write(10, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/');
The following is a general example which demonstrates some features of working with multiple worksheets.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel;
# Create a new Excel workbook
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("regions.xls");
# Add some worksheets
my $north = $workbook->addworksheet("North");
my $south = $workbook->addworksheet("South");
my $east = $workbook->addworksheet("East");
my $west = $workbook->addworksheet("West");
# Add a Format
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_bold();
$format->set_color('blue');
# Add a caption to each worksheet
foreach my $worksheet ($workbook->sheets()) {
$worksheet->write(0, 0, "Sales", $format);
}
# Write some data
$north->write(0, 1, 200000);
$south->write(0, 1, 100000);
$east->write (0, 1, 150000);
$west->write (0, 1, 100000);
# Set the active worksheet
$south->activate();
# Set the width of the first column
$south->set_column(0, 0, 20);
# Set the active cell
$south->set_selection(0, 1);
This example shows how to use a conditional numerical format with colours to indicate if a share price has gone up or down.
use strict;
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel;
# Create a new workbook and add a worksheet
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("stocks.xls");
my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet();
# Set the column width for columns 1, 2, 3 and 4
$worksheet->set_column(0, 3, 15);
# Create a format for the column headings
my $header = $workbook->addformat();
$header->set_bold();
$header->set_size(12);
$header->set_color('blue');
# Create a format for the stock price
my $f_price = $workbook->addformat();
$f_price->set_align('left');
$f_price->set_num_format('$0.00');
# Create a format for the stock volume
my $f_volume = $workbook->addformat();
$f_volume->set_align('left');
$f_volume->set_num_format('#,##0');
# Create a format for the price change. This is an example of a conditional
# format. The number is formatted as a percentage. If it is positive it is
# formatted in green, if it is negative it is formatted in red and if it is
# zero it is formatted as the default font colour (in this case black).
# Note: the [Green] format produces an unappealing lime green. Try
# [Color 10] instead for a dark green.
#
my $f_change = $workbook->addformat();
$f_change->set_align('left');
$f_change->set_num_format('[Green]0.0%;[Red]-0.0%;0.0%');
# Write out the data
$worksheet->write(0, 0, 'Company',$header);
$worksheet->write(0, 1, 'Price', $header);
$worksheet->write(0, 2, 'Volume', $header);
$worksheet->write(0, 3, 'Change', $header);
$worksheet->write(1, 0, 'Damage Inc.' );
$worksheet->write(1, 1, 30.25, $f_price ); # $30.25
$worksheet->write(1, 2, 1234567, $f_volume); # 1,234,567
$worksheet->write(1, 3, 0.085, $f_change); # 8.5% in green
$worksheet->write(2, 0, 'Dump Corp.' );
$worksheet->write(2, 1, 1.56, $f_price ); # $1.56
$worksheet->write(2, 2, 7564, $f_volume); # 7,564
$worksheet->write(2, 3, -0.015, $f_change); # -1.5% in red
$worksheet->write(3, 0, 'Rev Ltd.' );
$worksheet->write(3, 1, 0.13, $f_price ); # $0.13
$worksheet->write(3, 2, 321, $f_volume); # 321
$worksheet->write(3, 3, 0, $f_change); # 0 in the font color (black)
The following is a simple example of using functions.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel;
# Create a new workbook and add a worksheet
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("stats.xls");
my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet('Test data');
# Set the column width for columns 1
$worksheet->set_column(0, 0, 20);
# Create a format for the headings
my $format = $workbook->addformat();
$format->set_bold();
# Write the sample data
$worksheet->write(0, 0, 'Sample', $format);
$worksheet->write(0, 1, 1);
$worksheet->write(0, 2, 2);
$worksheet->write(0, 3, 3);
$worksheet->write(0, 4, 4);
$worksheet->write(0, 5, 5);
$worksheet->write(0, 6, 6);
$worksheet->write(0, 7, 7);
$worksheet->write(0, 8, 8);
$worksheet->write(1, 0, 'Length', $format);
$worksheet->write(1, 1, 25.4);
$worksheet->write(1, 2, 25.4);
$worksheet->write(1, 3, 24.8);
$worksheet->write(1, 4, 25.0);
$worksheet->write(1, 5, 25.3);
$worksheet->write(1, 6, 24.9);
$worksheet->write(1, 7, 25.2);
$worksheet->write(1, 8, 24.8);
# Write some statistical functions
$worksheet->write(4, 0, 'Count', $format);
$worksheet->write(4, 1, '=COUNT(B1:I1)');
$worksheet->write(5, 0, 'Sum', $format);
$worksheet->write(5, 1, '=SUM(B2:I2)');
$worksheet->write(6, 0, 'Average', $format);
$worksheet->write(6, 1, '=AVERAGE(B2:I2)');
$worksheet->write(7, 0, 'Min', $format);
$worksheet->write(7, 1, '=MIN(B2:I2)');
$worksheet->write(8, 0, 'Max', $format);
$worksheet->write(8, 1, '=MAX(B2:I2)');
$worksheet->write(9, 0, 'Standard Deviation', $format);
$worksheet->write(9, 1, '=STDEV(B2:I2)');
$worksheet->write(10, 0, 'Kurtosis', $format);
$worksheet->write(10, 1, '=KURT(B2:I2)');
The following example converts a tab separated file called tab.txt into an Excel file called tab.xls.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel;
open (TABFILE, "tab.txt") or die "tab.txt: $!";
my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("tab.xls");
my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet();
# Row and column are zero indexed
my $row = 0;
while (<TABFILE>) {
chomp;
# Split on single tab
my @Fld = split('\t', $_);
my $col = 0;
foreach my $token (@Fld) {
$worksheet->write($row, $col, $token);
$col++;
}
$row++;
}
If you performed a normal installation the following examples files should
have been copied to your ~site/Spreadsheet/WriteExcel/examples directory:
The following is a description of the example files that are provided with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. They are intended to demonstrate the different features and options of the module.
Getting started
===============
simple.pl An example of some of the basic features.
regions.pl Demonstrates multiple worksheets.
stats.pl Basic formulas and functions.
formats.pl Creates a demo of the available formatting.
demo.pl Creates a demo of some of the features.
Advanced
========
sales.pl An example of a simple sales spreadsheet.
stocks.pl Demonstrates conditional formatting.
write_array.pl Example of writing 1D or 2D arrays of data.
chess.pl An example of formatting using properties.
images.pl Adding bitmap images to worksheets.
stats_ext.pl Same as stats.pl with external references.
cgi.pl A simple CGI program.
mod_perl.pl A simple mod_perl program.
hyperlink1.pl Shows how to create web hyperlinks.
hyperlink2.pl Examples of internal and external hyperlinks.
merge1.pl A simple example of cell merging.
merge2.pl A more advanced example of cell merging.
merge3.pl Merge hyperlinks and merge vertically.
textwrap.pl Demonstrates text wrapping options.
panes.pl An examples of how to create panes.
protection.pl Example of cell locking and formula hiding.
copyformat.pl Example of copying a cell format.
win32ole.pl A sample Win32::OLE example for comparison.
easter_egg.pl Expose the Excel97 flight simulator. A must see.
Utility
=======
convertA1.pl Helper functions for dealing with A1 notation.
lecxe.pl Convert Excel to WriteExcel using Win32::OLE.
csv2xls.pl Program to convert a CSV file to an Excel file.
tab2xls.pl Program to convert a tab separated file to xls.
datecalc1.pl Convert Unix/Perl time to Excel time.
datecalc2.pl Calculate an Excel date using Date::Calc.
writemany.pl Write an 2d array of values in one go.
Developer
=========
function_locale.pl Add non-English function names to Formula.pm.
filehandle.pl Examples of working with filehandles.
writeA1.pl Example of how to extend the module.
comments.pl Add cell comments to Excel 5 worksheets.
bigfile.pl Write past the 7MB limit with OLE::Storage_Lite.
There are additional examples of a CGI application that uses Spreadsheet::WriteExcel available at the website of the German Unix/web journal iX: ftp://ftp.heise.de/pub/ix/ix_listings/2001_06/perl.tgz
The following limits are imposed by Excel or the version of the BIFF file that has been implemented:
Description Limit Source
----------------------------------- ------ -------
Maximum number of chars in a string 255 Excel 5
Maximum number of columns 256 Excel All versions
Maximum number of rows in Excel 5 16384 Excel 5
Maximum number of rows in Excel 97 65536 Excel 97
Maximum chars in a sheet name 31 Excel All versions
Maximum chars in a header/footer 254 Excel All versions
Note: the maximum row reference in a formula is the Excel 5 row limit of 16384.
The minimum file size is 6K due to the OLE overhead. The maximum file size
is approximately 7MB (7087104 bytes) of BIFF data. This can be extended by
using Takanori Kawai's OLE::Storage_Lite module http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=OLE-Storage_Lite
see the bigfile.pl example in the examples directory of the distro.
This module requires Perl 5.005 (or later) and Parse::RecDescent: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Parse-RecDescent
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel will work on the majority of Windows, UNIX and Macintosh platforms. Specifically, the module will work on any system where perl packs floats in the 64 bit IEEE format. The float must also be in little-endian format but it will be reversed if necessary. Thus:
print join(" ", map { sprintf "%#02x", $_ } unpack("C*", pack "d", 1.2345)), "\n";
should give (or in reverse order):
0x8d 0x97 0x6e 0x12 0x83 0xc0 0xf3 0x3f
In general, if you don't know whether your system supports a 64 bit IEEE
float or not, it probably does. If your system doesn't, WriteExcel will croak() with the message given in the DIAGNOSTICS section. You can check which platforms the module has been tested on at the
CPAN testers site: http://testers.cpan.org/search?request=dist&dist=Spreadsheet-WriteExcel
A filename must be given in the constructor.
The file cannot be opened for writing. The directory that you are writing to may be protected or the file may be in use by another program.
This is a -w warning. You will see it if you are using Spreadsheet::WriteExcel in an
environment where temporary files cannot be created, in which case all data
will be stored in memory. The warning is for information only: it does not
affect execution but it may affect the speed of execution for large files.
The current OLE implementation only supports a maximum BIFF file of this size. This limit can be extended, see the LIMITATIONS section.
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel requires the Parse::RecDescent module. Download it from CPAN: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Parse-RecDescent
There are a large number of warnings which relate to badly formed formulas and functions. See the FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL section for suggestions on how to avoid these errors.
Operating system doesn't support 64 bit IEEE float or it is byte-ordered in a way unknown to WriteExcel.
The following is some general information about the Excel binary format for anyone who may be interested.
Excel data is stored in the "Binary Interchange File Format" (BIFF) file format. Details of this format are given in the Excel SDK, the "Excel Developer's Kit" from Microsoft Press. It is also included in the MSDN CD library but is no longer available on the MSDN website. An older version of the BIFF documentation is available at http://www.cubic.org/source/archive/fileform/misc/excel.txt
Charles Wybble has collected together almost all of the available information about the Excel file format. See "The Chicago Project" at http://chicago.sourceforge.net/devel/
Daniel Rentz of OpenOffice has also written a detailed description of the Excel workbook records, see http://sc.openoffice.org/excelfileformat.pdf
The BIFF portion of the Excel file is comprised of contiguous binary records that have different functions and that hold different types of data. Each BIFF record is comprised of the following three parts:
Record name; Hex identifier, length = 2 bytes
Record length; Length of following data, length = 2 bytes
Record data; Data, length = variable
The BIFF data is stored along with other data in an OLE Compound File. This is a structured storage which acts like a file system within a file. A Compound File is comprised of storages and streams which, to follow the file system analogy, are like directories and files.
The documentation for the OLE::Storage module, http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~schwartz/pmh/guide.html , contains one of the few descriptions of the OLE Compound File in the public domain. The Digital Imaging Group have also detailed the OLE format in the JPEG2000 specification: see Appendix A of http://www.i3a.org/pdf/wg1n1017.pdf
For a open source implementation of the OLE library see the 'cole' library at http://atena.com/libole2.php
The source code for the Excel plugin of the Gnumeric spreadsheet also contains information relevant to the Excel BIFF format and the OLE container, http://www.ximian.com/apps/gnumeric.php3 and ftp://ftp.ximian.com/pub/ximian-source/
In addition the source code for OpenOffice is available at http://www.openoffice.org/
An article describing Spreadsheet::WriteExcel and how it works appears in
Issue #19 of The Perl Journal, http://www.samag.com/documents/s=1272/sam05030004/
It is reproduced, by kind permission, in the doc directory of the distro.
Please note that the provision of this information does not constitute an invitation to start hacking at the BIFF or OLE file formats. There are more interesting ways to waste your time. ;-)
Depending on your requirements, background and general sensibilities you may prefer one of the following methods of getting data into Excel:
* Win32::OLE module and office automation. This requires a Windows platform and an installed copy of Excel. This is the most powerful and complete method for interfacing with Excel. See http://www.activestate.com/ASPN/Reference/Products/ActivePerl-5.6/faq/Windows/ActivePerl-Winfaq12.html and http://www.activestate.com/ASPN/Reference/Products/ActivePerl-5.6/site/lib/Win32/OLE.html If your main platform is UNIX but you have the resources to set up a separate Win32/MSOffice server, you can convert office documents to text, postscript or PDF using Win32::OLE. For a demonstration of how to do this using Perl see Docserver: http://search.cpan.org/search?mode=module&query=docserver
* CSV, comma separated variables or text. If the file extension is csv, Excel will open and convert this format automatically. Generating a valid
CSV file isn't as easy as it seems. Have a look at the DBD::RAM, DBD::CSV,
Text::xSV and Text::CSV_XS modules.
* DBI with DBD::ADO or DBD::ODBC. Excel files contain an internal index table that allows them to act like a database file. Using one of the standard Perl database modules you can connect to an Excel file as a database.
* DBD::Excel, you can also access Spreadsheet::WriteExcel using the standard DBI interface via Takanori Kawai's DBD::Excel module http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=DBD-Excel.
* Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Simple for an easier interface to a new Excel file: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-WriteExcel-Simple
* Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::FromDB to create an Excel file directly from a DB table: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-WriteExcel-FromDB
* HTML tables. This is an easy way of adding formatting via a text based format.
* XML, the Excel XML and HTML file specification are available from http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/officedev/ofxml2k/ofxml2k.htm
For other Perl-Excel modules try the following search: http://search.cpan.org/search?mode=module&query=excel
To read data from Excel files try:
* Spreadsheet::ParseExcel. This uses the OLE::Storage-Lite module to extract data from an Excel file. http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-ParseExcel
* Spreadsheet::ParseExcel_XLHTML. This module uses Spreadsheet::ParseExcel's interface but uses xlHtml (see below) to do the conversion: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-ParseExcel_XLHTML Spreadsheet::ParseExcel_XLHTML
* There are also open source C/C++ projects. Try the xlHtml "Excel to HTML Converter" project at http://www.xlhtml.org/ and the OLE Filters Project at http://atena.com/libole2.php.
* DBD::Excel, you can also access Spreadsheet::ParseExcel using the standard DBI interface via Takanori Kawai's DBD::Excel module http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=DBD-Excel.
* Win32::OLE module and office automation. See, the section WRITING EXCEL FILES.
* HTML tables. If the files are saved from Excel in a HTML format the data can be accessed using HTML::TableExtract http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=HTML-TableExtract
* DBI with DBD::ADO or DBD::ODBC. See, the section WRITING EXCEL FILES.
* XML::Excel converts Excel files to XML using Spreadsheet::ParseExcel http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=XML-Excel.
* OLE::Storage, aka LAOLA. This is a Perl interface to OLE file formats. In particular, the distro contains an Excel to HTML converter called Herbert, http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~schwartz/pmh/ This has been superseded by the Spreadsheet::ParseExcel module.
For other Perl-Excel modules try the following search: http://search.cpan.org/search?mode=module&query=excel
If you wish to view Excel files on a UNIX/Linux platform check out the excellent Gnumeric spreadsheet application at http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/ or OpenOffice at http://www.openoffice.org/
If you wish to view Excel files on a Windows platform which doesn't have Excel installed you can use the free Microsoft Excel Viewer http://officeupdate.microsoft.com/2000/downloaddetails/xlviewer.htm
Orange isn't.
Formulas are formulae.
Nested formulas sometimes aren't parsed correctly and give a result of "#VALUE". This will be fixed in a later release.
Spreadsheet::ParseExcel: All formulas created by Spreadsheet::WriteExcel are read as having a value of zero. This is because Spreadsheet::WriteExcel only stores the formula and not the calculated result.
OpenOffice: Numerical formats are not displayed due to some missing records in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. URLs are not displayed as links.
Gnumeric: Some formatting is not displayed correctly. URLs are not displayed as links.
MS Access: The Excel files that are produced by this module are not compatible with MS Access. Use DBI or ODBC instead.
The lack of a portable way of writing a little-endian 64 bit IEEE float.
The roadmap is as follows:
You can keep up to date with future release by registering as a user with Freshmeat http://freshmeat.net/ and subscribing to Spreadsheet::WriteExcel at the project page http://freshmeat.net/projects/writeexcel/ You will then receive mailed updates when a new version is released. Alternatively you can keep an eye on news://comp.lang.perl.announce
Also, here are some of the most requested features that probably won't get added:
If there is some feature of an Excel file that you really, really need then you should use Win32::OLE with Excel on Windows.
Spreadsheet::ParseExcel. http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-ParseExcel
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Simple. http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-WriteExcel-Simple
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::FromDB. http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-WriteExcel-FromDB
"Reading and writing Excel files with Perl" by Teodor Zlatanov, atIBM developerWorks: http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-pexcel/
"Excel-Dateien mit Perl erstellen - Controller im Glück" by Peter Dintelmann and Christian Kirsch in the German Unix/web journal iX: http://www.heise.de/ix/artikel/2001/06/175/
"Spreadsheet::WriteExcel" in The Perl Journal: http://www.samag.com/documents/s=1272/sam05030004/
Spreadsheet::WriteExcel documentation in Japanese by Takanori Kawai. http://member.nifty.ne.jp/hippo2000/perltips/Spreadsheet/WriteExcel.htm
Oesterly user brushes with fame: http://oesterly.com/releases/12102000.html
The following people contributed to the debugging and testing of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel:
Alexander Farber, Arthur@ais, Artur Silveira da Cunha, Borgar Olsen, Brian White, Cedric Bouvier, CPAN testers, Daniel Berger, Daniel Gardner, Ernesto Baschny, Felipe Pérez Galiana, Hanc Pavel, Harold Bamford, James Holmes, Johan Ekenberg, J.C. Wren, Kenneth Stacey, Keith Miller, Kyle Krom, Markus Schmitz, Michael Buschauer, Mike Blazer, Michael Erickson, Paul J. Falbe, Paul Medynski, Peter Dintelmann, Reto Badertscher, Rich Sorden, Shane Ashby, Shenyu Zheng, Steve Sapovits, Sven Passig, Vahe Sarkissian.
The following people contributed code, examples or Excel information:
Andrew Benham, Bill Young, Cedric Bouvier, Daniel Rentz, Ian Penman, Pierre-Jean Vouette, Marco Geri, Sam Kington, Takanori Kawai, Tom O'Sullivan.
Additional thanks to Takanori Kawai for translating the documentation into Japanese.
Dirk Eddelbuettel maintains the Debian distro.
Thanks to Damian Conway for the excellent Parse::RecDescent.
Thanks to Michael Meeks and Jody Goldberg for their work on Gnumeric.
John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org
Pointy birds, O pointy pointy,
Anoint my head, anointy nointy.
-- Steve Martin.
© MM-MMII, John McNamara.
All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.