(* Title: HOL/Isar_examples/ThreeDivides.thy ID: $Id: ThreeDivides.thy,v 1.10 2007/06/13 16:30:13 wenzelm Exp $ Author: Benjamin Porter, 2005 *) header {* Three Divides Theorem *} theory ThreeDivides imports Main LaTeXsugar begin subsection {* Abstract *} text {* The following document presents a proof of the Three Divides N theorem formalised in the Isabelle/Isar theorem proving system. {\em Theorem}: $3$ divides $n$ if and only if $3$ divides the sum of all digits in $n$. {\em Informal Proof}: Take $n = \sum{n_j * 10^j}$ where $n_j$ is the $j$'th least significant digit of the decimal denotation of the number n and the sum ranges over all digits. Then $$ (n - \sum{n_j}) = \sum{n_j * (10^j - 1)} $$ We know $\forall j\; 3|(10^j - 1) $ and hence $3|LHS$, therefore $$\forall n\; 3|n \Longleftrightarrow 3|\sum{n_j}$$ @{text "\<box>"} *} subsection {* Formal proof *} subsubsection {* Miscellaneous summation lemmas *} text {* If $a$ divides @{text "A x"} for all x then $a$ divides any sum over terms of the form @{text "(A x)*(P x)"} for arbitrary $P$. *} lemma div_sum: fixes a::nat and n::nat shows "∀x. a dvd A x ==> a dvd (∑x<n. A x * D x)" proof (induct n) case 0 show ?case by simp next case (Suc n) from Suc have "a dvd (A n * D n)" by (simp add: dvd_mult2) with Suc have "a dvd ((∑x<n. A x * D x) + (A n * D n))" by (simp add: dvd_add) thus ?case by simp qed subsubsection {* Generalised Three Divides *} text {* This section solves a generalised form of the three divides problem. Here we show that for any sequence of numbers the theorem holds. In the next section we specialise this theorem to apply directly to the decimal expansion of the natural numbers. *} text {* Here we show that the first statement in the informal proof is true for all natural numbers. Note we are using @{term "D i"} to denote the $i$'th element in a sequence of numbers. *} lemma digit_diff_split: fixes n::nat and nd::nat and x::nat shows "n = (∑x∈{..<nd}. (D x)*((10::nat)^x)) ==> (n - (∑x<nd. (D x))) = (∑x<nd. (D x)*(10^x - 1))" by (simp add: sum_diff_distrib diff_mult_distrib2) text {* Now we prove that 3 always divides numbers of the form $10^x - 1$. *} lemma three_divs_0: shows "(3::nat) dvd (10^x - 1)" proof (induct x) case 0 show ?case by simp next case (Suc n) let ?thr = "(3::nat)" have "?thr dvd 9" by simp moreover have "?thr dvd (10*(10^n - 1))" by (rule dvd_mult) (rule Suc) hence "?thr dvd (10^(n+1) - 10)" by (simp add: nat_distrib) ultimately have"?thr dvd ((10^(n+1) - 10) + 9)" by (simp only: add_ac) (rule dvd_add) thus ?case by simp qed text {* Expanding on the previous lemma and lemma @{text "div_sum"}. *} lemma three_divs_1: fixes D :: "nat => nat" shows "3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * (10^x - 1))" by (subst nat_mult_commute, rule div_sum) (simp add: three_divs_0 [simplified]) text {* Using lemmas @{text "digit_diff_split"} and @{text "three_divs_1"} we now prove the following lemma. *} lemma three_divs_2: fixes nd::nat and D::"nat=>nat" shows "3 dvd ((∑x<nd. (D x)*(10^x)) - (∑x<nd. (D x)))" proof - from three_divs_1 have "3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * (10 ^ x - 1))" . thus ?thesis by (simp only: digit_diff_split) qed text {* We now present the final theorem of this section. For any sequence of numbers (defined by a function @{term "D :: (nat=>nat)"}), we show that 3 divides the expansive sum $\sum{(D\;x)*10^x}$ over $x$ if and only if 3 divides the sum of the individual numbers $\sum{D\;x}$. *} lemma three_div_general: fixes D :: "nat => nat" shows "(3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * 10^x)) = (3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x))" proof have mono: "(∑x<nd. D x) ≤ (∑x<nd. D x * 10^x)" by (rule setsum_mono) simp txt {* This lets us form the term @{term "(∑x<nd. D x * 10^x) - (∑x<nd. D x)"} *} { assume "3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x)" with three_divs_2 mono show "3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * 10^x)" by (blast intro: dvd_diffD) } { assume "3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * 10^x)" with three_divs_2 mono show "3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x)" by (blast intro: dvd_diffD1) } qed subsubsection {* Three Divides Natural *} text {* This section shows that for all natural numbers we can generate a sequence of digits less than ten that represent the decimal expansion of the number. We then use the lemma @{text "three_div_general"} to prove our final theorem. *} text {* \medskip Definitions of length and digit sum. *} text {* This section introduces some functions to calculate the required properties of natural numbers. We then proceed to prove some properties of these functions. The function @{text "nlen"} returns the number of digits in a natural number n. *} consts nlen :: "nat => nat" recdef nlen "measure id" "nlen 0 = 0" "nlen x = 1 + nlen (x div 10)" text {* The function @{text "sumdig"} returns the sum of all digits in some number n. *} definition sumdig :: "nat => nat" where "sumdig n = (∑x < nlen n. n div 10^x mod 10)" text {* Some properties of these functions follow. *} lemma nlen_zero: "0 = nlen x ==> x = 0" by (induct x rule: nlen.induct) auto lemma nlen_suc: "Suc m = nlen n ==> m = nlen (n div 10)" by (induct n rule: nlen.induct) simp_all text {* The following lemma is the principle lemma required to prove our theorem. It states that an expansion of some natural number $n$ into a sequence of its individual digits is always possible. *} lemma exp_exists: "m = (∑x<nlen m. (m div (10::nat)^x mod 10) * 10^x)" proof (induct nd ≡ "nlen m" arbitrary: m) case 0 thus ?case by (simp add: nlen_zero) next case (Suc nd) hence IH: "nd = nlen (m div 10) ==> m div 10 = (∑x<nd. m div 10 div 10^x mod 10 * 10^x)" by blast have "∃c. m = 10*(m div 10) + c ∧ c < 10" by presburger then obtain c where mexp: "m = 10*(m div 10) + c ∧ c < 10" .. then have cdef: "c = m mod 10" by arith show "m = (∑x<nlen m. m div 10^x mod 10 * 10^x)" proof - from `Suc nd = nlen m` have "nd = nlen (m div 10)" by (rule nlen_suc) with IH have "m div 10 = (∑x<nd. m div 10 div 10^x mod 10 * 10^x)" by simp with mexp have "m = 10*(∑x<nd. m div 10 div 10^x mod 10 * 10^x) + c" by simp also have "… = (∑x<nd. m div 10 div 10^x mod 10 * 10^(x+1)) + c" by (subst setsum_right_distrib) (simp add: mult_ac) also have "… = (∑x<nd. m div 10^(Suc x) mod 10 * 10^(Suc x)) + c" by (simp add: div_mult2_eq[symmetric]) also have "… = (∑x∈{Suc 0..<Suc nd}. m div 10^x mod 10 * 10^x) + c" by (simp only: setsum_shift_bounds_Suc_ivl) (simp add: atLeast0LessThan) also have "… = (∑x<Suc nd. m div 10^x mod 10 * 10^x)" by (simp add: setsum_head_upt cdef) also note `Suc nd = nlen m` finally show "m = (∑x<nlen m. m div 10^x mod 10 * 10^x)" . qed qed text {* \medskip Final theorem. *} text {* We now combine the general theorem @{text "three_div_general"} and existence result of @{text "exp_exists"} to prove our final theorem. *} theorem three_divides_nat: shows "(3 dvd n) = (3 dvd sumdig n)" proof (unfold sumdig_def) have "n = (∑x<nlen n. (n div (10::nat)^x mod 10) * 10^x)" by (rule exp_exists) moreover have "3 dvd (∑x<nlen n. (n div (10::nat)^x mod 10) * 10^x) = (3 dvd (∑x<nlen n. n div 10^x mod 10))" by (rule three_div_general) ultimately show "3 dvd n = (3 dvd (∑x<nlen n. n div 10^x mod 10))" by simp qed end
lemma div_sum:
∀x. a dvd A x ==> a dvd (∑x<n. A x * D x)
lemma digit_diff_split:
n = (∑x<nd. D x * 10 ^ x) ==> n - setsum D {..<nd} = (∑x<nd. D x * (10 ^ x - 1))
lemma three_divs_0:
3 dvd 10 ^ x - 1
lemma three_divs_1:
3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * (10 ^ x - 1))
lemma three_divs_2:
3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * 10 ^ x) - setsum D {..<nd}
lemma three_div_general:
(3 dvd (∑x<nd. D x * 10 ^ x)) = (3 dvd setsum D {..<nd})
lemma nlen_zero:
0 = nlen x ==> x = 0
lemma nlen_suc:
Suc m = nlen n ==> m = nlen (n div 10)
lemma exp_exists:
m = (∑x<nlen m. m div 10 ^ x mod 10 * 10 ^ x)
theorem three_divides_nat:
(3 dvd n) = (3 dvd sumdig n)