TVTWM(1) manual page

Name

tvtwm - Tom's Virtual Tab Window Manager for the X Window System

Syntax

tvtwm [-display dpy] [-s] [-m | -M] [-k] [-f initfile] [-v]

Tvtwm is a window manager for the X Window System based on the X11R5 version of twm. It includes a ``Virtual Desktop'' feature that effectively makes the root window of the screen larger than the physical limits of the display. To change as little as possible in this manual, from here on the window manager is referred to as twm.

Twm is a window manager for the X Window System. It provides titlebars, shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings.

This program is usually started by the user's session manager or startup script. When used from xdm(1) or xinit(1) without a session manager, twm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last client. When run this way, exiting twm causes the session to be terminated (i.e. logged out).

By default, application windows are surrounded by a ``frame'' with a titlebar at the top and a special border around the window. The titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as ``titlebuttons'' at the left and right edges of the titlebar.

Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has been changed with xmodmap) on a titlebutton will invoke the function associated with the button. In the default interface, windows are iconified by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon manager (see description of the variable ShowIconManager and of the function f.showiconmgr).

Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the desired size. Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new location, and then releasing when the outline is in the desired position. Just clicking in the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it.

When new windows are created, twm will honor any size and location information requested by the user (usually through -geometry command line argument or resources for the individual applications). Otherwise, an outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed. Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the current position and give it the default size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and dragging the outline will give the window its current position but allow the sides to be resized as described above. Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the right pointer button) will give the window its current position but attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.

Options

Twm accepts the following command line options:

-display dpy: This option specifies the X server to use.
-s: This option indicates that only the default screen (as specified by -display or by the DISPLAY environment variable) should be managed. By default, twm will attempt to manage all screens on the display.
-m: Causes tvtwm to preprocess the .twmrc file using the m4(1) macro processor.
-M: Causes tvtwm not to preprocess the .twmrc file using the m4(1) macro processor.
-k: This option makes twm leave a file in /tmp containing the predefines that are generated and fed to m4 before your .twmrc file. Twm passes this file, followed immediately by your .twmrc file (which may not be called .twmrc. See -f option.), to m4(1) for preprocessing. If you give twm the -k option, it will leave a copy of the temporary file as /tmp/twmrc$$ (where $$ is variable). This is often useful for knowing what you can use when adding m4 commands and conditions to your .twmrc file.
-f filename: This option specifies the name of the startup file to use. By default, twm will look in the user's home directory for files named .twmrc.num (where num is a screen number) or .twmrc.
-v: This option indicates that twm should print error messages whenever an unexpected X Error event is received. This can be useful when debugging applications but can be distracting in regular use.

Customization

Much of twm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order for each screen being managed when twm begins):

$HOME/.tvtwmrc.screennumber: The screennumber is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.) representing the screen number (e.g. the last number in the DISPLAY environment variable host:displaynum.screennum) that would be used to contact that screen of the display. This is intended for displays with multiple screens of differing visual types.
$HOME/.tvtwmrc: This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.
$HOME/.twmrc.screennumber: Same as .tvtwmrc.screennumber.
$HOME/.twmrc: Same as .tvtwmrc.
/usr/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc: If neither of the preceding files are found, twm will look in this file for a default configuration. This is often tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or familiar bindings for novice users.

If no startup files are found, twm will use the built-in defaults described above. The only resource used by twm is bitmapFilePath for a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for bitmap files (for more information, see the Athena Widgets manual and xrdb(1) ).

Twm startup files are logically broken up into three types of specifications: Variables, Bindings, Menus. The Variables section must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager. The Bindings section usually comes second and is used to specify the functions that should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames. The Menus section gives any user-defined menus (containing functions to be invoked or commands to be executed).

Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings must be surrounded by double quote characters (e.g. "blue") and are case-sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder of the line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment.

M4 Preprocessing

A new feature in this release of tvtwm is that it can use m4(1) to pre-process it's setup files. When twm is started with the -m option, or if it was compiled to use m4 by default and the -M option was not specified, it will open a file for input as described above. But, it will process that file through m4 before parsing it. So, you can use m4 macro's to perform operations at runtime. This makes it very easy to work when you use many different display's, with different characteristics. For example, If you want to set the lower right section of the screen to be your IconRegion, (see below for details on the IconRegion variable) you can use m4 directives and pre-defined symbols to calculate the region you want. For example:

define(IRegion, translit(eval(WIDTH/3)*eval(HEIGHT/2)+eval(WIDTH-WIDTH/3)-0,
*, x))
IconRegion  "IRegion" SOUTH EAST 75 25

will define the lower half, and right-hand third of the screen. The above makes use of symbols that are predefined in m4 by twm. The symbols WIDTH and HEIGHT are calculated by twm and written into a temporary file for m4 to use. The following symbols are predefined by tvtwm:

SERVERHOST: This variable is set to the name of the machine that is running the X server.
CLIENTHOST: The machine that is running the clients. (ie, twm)
HOSTNAME: The canonical hostname running the clients. (ie. a fully-qualified version of CLIENTHOST)
USER: The name of the user running the program. Gotten from the environment.
HOME: The user's home directory. Gotten from the environment.
VERSION: The X major protocol version. As seen by ProtocolVersion(3) .
REVISION: The X minor protocol revision. As seen by ProtocolRevision(3) .
VENDOR: The vendor of your X server. For example: MIT X Consortium.
RELEASE: The release number of your X server. For MIT X11R5, this is 5.
WIDTH: The width of your display in pixels.
HEIGHT: The height of your display in pixels.
X_RESOLUTION: The X resolution of your display in pixels per meter.
Y_RESOLUTION: The Y resolution of your display in pixels per meter.
PLANES: The number of bit planes your display supports in the default root window.
BITS_PER_RGB: The number of significant bits in an RGB color. (log base 2 of the number of distinct colors that can be created. This is often different from the number of colors that can be displayed at once.)
TWM_TYPE: Tells which twm offshoot is running. It will always be set to the string "tvtwm" in this program. This is useful for protecting parts of your .twmrc file that twm proper won't understand (like VirtualDesktop) so that it is still usable with other twm programs.
CLASS: Your visual class. Will return one of StaticGray, GrayScale, StaticColor, PseudoColor, TrueColor, DirectColor, or, if it cannot determine what you have, NonStandard.
COLOR: This will be either 'Yes' or 'No'. This is just a wrapper around the above definition. Returns 'Yes' on *Color, and 'No' on StaticGray and GrayScale.
NG_*: There will be a large (about 16) number of predefines that look like NG_EE or NG_AE. These are for access control. When they are set to something intelligent, you can protect certain machines or groups of machines in login menus by which group of people should be able to access them. If you place an ifelse(NG_STAFF, yes, `') in your .twmrc file, and place the login menu, or the like, in between the quotes, then it will only be seen by members of the staff. This is useful when you have a whole system that include()s a system-wide login file. This makes it easy to centrally administer things such as login menus, and have all users notice changes without having to make them individually. At the moment, there is little or no functionality in these. If you are a member of the group "staff", you have them all set to 'Yes', else, you have only NG_STD defined to 'Yes'. I plan to make these symbols meaningful in the near future.

You may well find that if you research the m4(1) manual well, and understand the power of m4, this will be a very useful and powerful tool.

Be aware that m4(1) preprocessing can cause things often found in .twmrc files to break. For example, quotes and backquotes in shell commands will be badly messed up by m4's own internal quoting mechanism. This particular problem can be worked around by placing changequote(,) at the top of your .twmrc file.

Virtual Desktop

The Virtual Desktop feature of tvtwm was modeled after the same feature in swm (Solbourne Window Manager). The Virtual Desktop effectively makes the ``root'' window of the display larger than the physical screen size. The Virtual Desktop is panned in one of two ways, either by executing one of the f.scroll commands or by using the panner.

The panner is a special window that shows a miniature view of windows on the desktop. The small windows in the panner will have the same colors as the titlebars and icons of their associated client windows. The panner is very simple to operate. Mouse button one, pressed inside the panner, allows you to move the outline indicating your current view on the desktop. Releasing the button will reposition the desktop to the point at which the outline is displayed. Mouse button two, pressed in one of the small "virtual" windows, allows you to move the small window to another portion of the desktop. If during the move operation, you would like to place the window in your current view of the desktop, simply moving the pointer out of the panner will result in the window outline changing from the small outline to a large outline showing the dimensions of the client window. The converse is true of any move operation started outside of the panner: if the pointer is moved into the panner window, the outline will change to a small outline allowing you to place the window anywhere on the desktop. Another feature of the panner is that if you resize it, the Virtual Desktop will resize a corresponding amount. During the resize, the dimensions shown reflect the Virtual Desktop size.

There are two hints that client windows may use when asking the window manager to position top level windows: User Specified Position (USPosition) and Program Specified Position (PPosition). tvtwm handles each of these two hints in a different manner. If USPosition hints are set, the window will be placed at the pixel location requested. If PPosition hints are set, the window will be placed at the requested location plus the offsets of the current Virtual Desktop position. For example, if the desktop is positioned at +100+300 and a window is mapped at +100+100 with PPosition hints set, the window would be placed at +200+400 on the Virtual Desktop.

Along with the Virtual Desktop comes a concept called ``sticky'' windows. Sticky windows can be thought of as stuck to the glass of the display. Sticky windows do not scroll out of view when the desktop is scrolled.

Variables

Many of the aspects of twm's user interface are controlled by variables that may be set in the user's startup file. Some of the options are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword. Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.

Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace or a newline. For example:

AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }

AutoRaise
{
    "emacs"
    "XTerm"
    "Xmh"
}

When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as shown above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the window's name name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property). The preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as well as any xterm (since they are of class ``XTerm'') or xmh windows (which are of class ``Xmh'').

String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps, Cursors, and IconDirectory below) will prepend the user's directory (specified by the HOME environment variable) if the first character is a tilde (~). If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used to create the default titlebars symbols: :xlogo or :iconify (both refer to the X used for the iconify button), :resize (the nested squares used by the resize button), and :question (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files).

The following variables may be specified at the top of a twm startup file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by win-list. Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:

AutoRaise { win-list }

This variable specifies a list of windows that should automatically be raised whenever the pointer enters the window. This action can be interactively enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function f.autoraise.

AutoRelativeResize

This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the window edges. Instead, moving the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the same amount. This allows the resizing windows that extend off the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the center of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, twm will still wait for the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent accidents). This option is particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method of sweeping out window sizes.

BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]

This variable specifies the default color of the border to be placed around all non-iconified windows, and may only be given within a Color or Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist specifies a list of window and color name pairs for specifying particular border colors for different types of windows. For example:

BorderColor "gray50"
{
    "XTerm"    "red"
    "xmh"    "green"
}

The default is "black".

BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]

This variable specifies the default background color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a Color or Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is "white".

BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]

This variable specifies the default foreground color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a Color or Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is "black".

BorderWidth pixels

This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding all client window frames if ClientBorderWidth has not been specified. This value is also used to set the border size of windows created by twm (such as the icon manager). The default is 2.

ButtonIndent pixels

This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should be indented on all sides. Positive values cause the buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area so that they stand out. Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as tall and wide as possible. The default is 1.

ClientBorderWidth

This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame should be set to the initial border width of the window, rather than to the value of BorderWidth.

Color { colors-list }

This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made if the default display is capable of displaying more than simple black and white. The colors-list is made up of the following color variables and their values: DefaultBackground, DefaultForeground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground, MenuTitleBackground, MenuTitleForeground, and MenuShadowColor. VirtualDesktopBackground. VirtualDesktopForeground. PannerBackground. PannerForeground. The following color variables may also be given a list of window and color name pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified (see BorderColor for details): BorderColor, IconManagerHighlight, BorderTitleBackground, BorderTitleForeground, TitleBackground, TitleForeground, IconBackground, IconForeground, IconBorderColor, IconManagerBackground, and IconManagerForeground. VirtualBackground, and VirtualForeground. For example:

Color
{
    MenuBackground        "gray50"
    MenuForeground        "blue"
    BorderColor            "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
    TitleForeground        "yellow"
    TitleBackground        "blue"
}

All of these color variables may also be specified for the Monochrome variable, allowing the same initialization file to be used on both color and monochrome displays.

ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds

This variable specifies the length of time between button clicks needed to begin a constrained move operation. Double clicking within this amount of time when invoking f.move will cause the window only be moved in a horizontal or vertical direction. Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained moves. The default is 400 milliseconds.

Cursors { cursor-list }

This variable specifies the glyphs that twm should use for various pointer cursors. Each cursor may be defined either from the cursor font or from two bitmap files. Shapes from the cursor font may be specified directly as:

    cursorname    "string"

where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed below, and string is the name of a glyph as found in the file /usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the ``XC_'' prefix). If the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is used instead:

    cursorname    "image"    "mask"

The image and mask strings specify the names of files containing the glyph image and mask in bitmap(1) form. The bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap files. The following example shows the default cursor definitions:

Cursors
{
    Frame        "top_left_arrow"
    Title        "top_left_arrow"
    Icon        "top_left_arrow"
    IconMgr    "top_left_arrow"
    Move        "fleur"
    Resize        "fleur"
    Menu        "sb_left_arrow"
    Button        "hand2"
    Wait        "watch"
    Select        "dot"
    Destroy    "pirate"
}

DecorateTransients

This variable indicates that transient windows (those containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars. By default, transients are not reparented.

DefaultBackground string

This variable specifies the background color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default is "white".

DefaultForeground string

This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default is "black".

DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }

This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be iconified by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case if IconifyByUnmapping had been set). This is frequently used to force some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are handled by the icon manager.

DontInterpolateTitles

This variable specifies a modification to the InterpolateMenuColors behavior. It will cause twm to not apply color interpolation to any titles in the middle of the menu. So, f.title strings that appear in the middle of the menu (ie, without a specific color defined for them) will inherit the default MenuTitle foreground and background colors.

DontMoveOff

This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to be moved off the screen. It can be overridden by the f.forcemove function.

DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their minimum size as described under SqueezeTitle below. If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows will be prevented from being squeezed.

ForceIcons

This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the Icons variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.

FramePadding pixels

This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar decorations (the button and text) and the window frame. The default is 2 pixels.

IconBackground string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the background color of bitmap icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. This value is ignored when the icon is an Xpm format pixmap, as they have their own colors. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "white".

IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. This option only has an effect on icon windows that don't have their own shape mask (ie, only on rectangular icons). The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "black".

IconBorderWidth pixels

This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding icon windows. The default is 2.

IconDirectory string

This variable specifies the directory that should be searched if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in the bitmapFilePath resource. This is generally a poor way to do things. It is much better to set your bitmapFilePath resource to what you want it to be in your resources file.

IconFont string

This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon names within icons. The default is "variable".

IconForeground string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying bitmap icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. This value is ignored when the icon is an Xpm format pixmap, as they have their own colors. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "black".

IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being unmapped without trying to map any icons. This assumes that the user will remap the window through the icon manager, the f.warpto function, or the TwmWindows menu. If the optional win-list is provided, only those windows will be iconified by simply unmapping. Windows that have both this and the IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible if no binding to the TwmWindows menu is set in the user's startup file.

IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the background color to use for icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "white".

IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display any windows. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will not be displayed. This variable is used to prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such as xclock or xload) from taking up space in the icon manager.

IconManagerFont string

This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying icon manager entries. The default is "variable".

IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "black".

IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]

This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager window. The string argument is standard geometry specification that indicates the initial full size of the icon manager. The icon manager window is then broken into columns pieces and scaled according to the number of entries in the icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form additional rows. The default number of columns is 1.

IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the border color to be used when highlighting the icon manager entry that currently has the focus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The default is "black".

IconManagers { iconmgr-list }

This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create. Each item in the iconmgr-list has the following format:

    "winname" ["iconname"]    "geometry" columns

where winname is the name of the windows that should be put into this icon manager, iconname is the name of that icon manager window's icon, geometry is a standard geometry specification, and columns is the number of columns in this icon manager as described in IconManagerGeometry. For example:

IconManagers
{
    "XTerm"    "=300x5+800+5"    5
    "myhost"    "=400x5+100+5"    2
}

Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have an entry created in the ``XTerm'' icon manager. Clients whose name was ``myhost'' would be put into the ``myhost'' icon manager.

IconManagerShow { win-list }

This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear in the icon manager. When used in conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow variable, only the windows in this list will be shown in the icon manager.

IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight

This variable specifies an area on the root window in which icons are placed if no specific icon location is provided by the client. The geomstring is a quoted string containing a standard geometry specification. If more than one IconRegion lines are given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon regions when the first is full. The vgrav argument should be either North or South and control and is used to control whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of the icon region. Similarly, the hgrav argument should be either East or West and is used to control whether icons should be filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid out within the region in a grid with cells gridwidth pixels wide and gridheight pixels high.

Icons { win-list }

This variable specifies a list of window names and the pixmap/bitmap filenames that should be used as their icons. For example:

Icons
{
    "XTerm"        "xterm.icon"
    "xfd"        "xfd_icon"
    "xeyes"        "xeyes.xpm"
}

Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconified by unmapping, and would try to use the icon pixmap/bitmap in the file ``xterm.icon''. If ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will be used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.

IconTitle { win-list }

This variable specifies a list of clients that will have the icon name displayed below the icon and is used to request icon titles on specific windows when NoIconTitle has been set.

InterpolateMenuColors

This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be interpolated between entry specified colors. In the example below:

Menu "mymenu"
{
    "Title"        ("black":"red")        f.title
    "entry1"                f.nop
    "entry2"                f.nop
    "entry3"    ("white":"green")    f.nop
    "entry4"                f.nop
    "entry5"    ("red":"white")        f.nop
}

the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2'' will be interpolated between black and white, and the background colors between red and green. Similarly, the foreground for ``entry4'' will be half-way between white and red, and the background will be half-way between green and white.

ListRings

This variable indicates that duplicate list entries will be handled in a ring like manner. In the example below:

SqueezeTitle
{
    "XTerm"        right        0    0
    "XTerm"        center        0    0
    "XTerm"        left        0    0
}

the first xterm created will have its tab on the left side of the window. The second xterm will have the tab in the center, and the third on the right. The forth will receive it on the left.

MakeTitle { win-list }

This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be placed and is used to request titles on specific windows when NoTitle has been set.

MaxWindowSize string

This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and height give the maximum size for a given window. This is typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen. The default is "30000x30000".

MenuBackground string

This variable specifies the background color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "white".

MenuFont string

This variable specifies the font to use when displaying menus. The default is "variable".

MenuForeground string

This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black".

MenuShadowColor string

This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-down menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black".

MenuTitleBackground string

This variable specifies the background color for f.title entries in menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "white".

MenuTitleFont string

This variable specifies the font to be used in menu titles.

MenuTitleForeground string

This variable specifies the foreground color for f.title entries in menus and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black".

Monochrome { colors }

This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if the screen has a depth of 1. See the description of Colors.

MoveDelta pixels

This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must move before the f.move function starts working. Also see the f.deltastop function. The default is one pixel.

NoBackingStore

This variable indicates that twm's menus should not request backing store to minimize repainting of menus. This is typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they can handle backing store.

NoCaseSensitive

This variable indicates that case should be ignored when sorting icon names in an icon manager or window names in the TWM Windows menu. This option is typically used with applications that capitalize the first letter of their icon name.

NoDefaults

This variable indicates that twm should not supply the default titlebuttons and bindings. This option should only be used if the startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and definitions.

NoGrabServer

This variable indicates that twm should not grab the server when popping up menus and moving opaque windows.

NoHighlight [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted to track the location of the pointer. If the optional win-list is given, highlighting will only be disabled for those windows. When the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current BorderColor. When the border is not highlighted, it will be stippled with an gray pattern using the current BorderTileForeground and BorderTileBackground colors.

NoIconManagers

This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created.

NoIconTitle [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that icons should not display the icon name of the client. If the optional win-list is given, only those clients will not have icon titles. IconTitle may be used with this option to force icon titles to be put on on specific clients

NoMenuShadows

This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows drawn behind them. This is typically used with slower servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly harder to read.

NoRaiseOnDeiconify

This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be raised.

NoRaiseOnMove

This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved. This is typically used to allow windows to slide underneath each other.

NoRaiseOnResize

This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when resized. This is typically used to allow windows to be resized underneath each other.

NoRaiseOnWarp

This variable indicates that windows should not be raised when the pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function. If this option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in the pointer ending up in the occluding window instead the desired window (which causes unexpected behavior with f.warpring).

NoSaveUnders

This variable indicates that menus should not request save-unders to minimize window repainting following menu selection. It is typically used with displays that can repaint faster than they can handle save-unders.

NoStackMode [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that client window requests to change stacking order should be ignored. If the optional win-list is given, only requests on those windows will be ignored. This is typically used to prevent applications from relentlessly popping themselves to the front of the window stack.

NoTitle [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will not have titlebars. MakeTitle may be used with this option to force titlebars to be put on specific windows.

NoTitleFocus

This variable indicates that twm should not set keyboard input focus to each window as it is entered. Normally, twm sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon managers are delivered to the application. If the pointer is moved quickly and twm is slow to respond, input can be directed to the old window instead of the new. This option is typically used to prevent this ``input lag'' and to work around bugs in older applications that have problems with focus events.

NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that the highlight area of the titlebar, which is used to indicate the window that currently has the input focus, should not be displayed. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will not have highlight areas. This and the SqueezeTitle options can be set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space required by titlebars.

OpaqueMove

This variable indicates that the f.move function should actually move the window instead of just an outline so that the user can immediately see what the window will look like in the new position. This option is typically used on fast displays (particularly if NoGrabServer is set).

PannerBackgroundPixmap string

This variable specifies the filename of a pixmap or bitmap file to be used as the background image of the panner. If this file is a bitmap, the PannerBackground and PannerForeground colors are used when constructing the background.

PannerGeometry string

This variable specifies the position of the Virtual Desktop panner. The default geometry is "-0-0".

PannerOpaqueScroll

This variable causes the panner to scroll the Virtual Desktop opaquely. This variable only takes effect if the StickyAbove variable is also set.

PannerScale scale

This variable specifies that scale of the Virtual Desktop Panner in relation to the actual screen. The default scale is 20.

PannerState string

This variable specifies the initial state of the Virtual Desktop panner window. Possible initial state values include "normal", "iconic", or "withdrawn". The default initial state is "normal".

Pixmaps { pixmaps }

This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the appearance of various images. Each entry is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap file. The following pixmaps may be specified:

Pixmaps
{
    VirtualDesktopBackgroundPixmap    "/homes/davis/pictures/background.gif"
    PannerBackgroundPixmap        "panner.xpm"
    TitleHighlight            "gray1"
}

The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple pattern. The VirtualDesktopBackgroundPixmap and PannerBackgroundPixmap pixmaps can be set as detailed in each of their own sections.

RandomPlacement

This variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry should should be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having the user drag out an outline.

ResizeFont string

This variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions window when resizing windows. The default is "fixed".

RestartPreviousState

This variable indicates that twm should attempt to use the WM_STATE property on client windows to tell which windows should be iconified and which should be left visible. This is typically used to try to regenerate the state that the screen was in before the previous window manager was shutdown.

SaveColor { colors-list }

This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be stored as pixel values in the root window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS. Clients may elect to preserve these values when installing their own colormap. Note that use of this mechanism is a way for an application to avoid the "technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen objects such as window borders and titlebars disappear when a programs custom colors are installed by the window manager. For example:

SaveColor
{
        BorderColor
        TitleBackground
        TitleForeground
        "red"
        "green"
        "blue"
}

This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and titlebars, as well as the three color strings, all taken from the default colormap.

ScrollDistanceX percentage

This variable specifies the amount (as a percentage of the screen width) to move when one of the scroll functions f.scrollleft or f.scrollright is called.

ScrollDistanceY percentage

This variable specifies the amount (as a percentage of the screen height) to move when one of the scroll functions f.scrollup or f.scrolldown is called.

ShowIconManager

This variable indicates that the icon manager window should be displayed when twm is started. It can always be brought up using the f.showiconmgr function.

ShowVirtualNames

This variable causes client window names to be displayed in the small virtual windows inside the Virtual Desktop panner. The names will be displayed using the current VirtualFont.

SortIconManager

This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply appending new windows to the end.

SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]

This variable indicates that twm should attempt to use the SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen space as they need, rather than extending all the way across the top of the window. The optional squeeze-list may be used to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the top of the window. It contains entries of the form:

    "name"        justification    num    denom

where name is a window name, justification is either left, center, or right, and num and denom are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative position about which the titlebar is justified. The ratio is measured from left to right if the numerator is positive, and right to left if negative. A denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be measured in pixels. For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for center and -1/1 for right. For example:

SqueezeTitle
{
    "XTerm"    left        0    0
    "xterm1"    left        1    3
    "xterm2"    left        2    3
    "oclock"    center        0    0
    "emacs"    right        0    0
}

The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on certain titles.

StartIconified [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that client windows should initially be left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will be started iconic. This is useful for programs that do not support an -iconic command line option or resource.

StayUpMenus

This variable alters menu interaction. By default, a menu item is selected when a mouse button is released over it. This variable causes menu items to be selected on the next button press event.

Sticky [{ win-list }]

This variable is a list of client windows that will be sticky by default. See the VIRTUAL DESKTOP section for a full description of sticky windows.

StickyAbove

This variable causes sticky windows to be physically above non-sticky windows.

TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is "white".

TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels

This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding titlebuttons. This is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not have a border. The default is 1.

TitleFont string

This variable specifies the font to used for displaying window names in titlebars. The default is "variable".

TitleFontPadding pixels

This variable specifies the number of pixels of padding to be placed above window titles. This allows for using small fonts with larger buttons.

TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]

This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. The default is "black".

TitlePadding pixels

This variable specifies the distance between the various buttons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar. The default is 8 pixels.

UnknownIcon string

This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be used as the default icon. This bitmap will be used as the icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in the Icons list.

UsePPosition string

This variable specifies whether or not twm should honor program-requested locations (given by the PPosition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-specified position. The argument string may have one of three values: "off" (the default) indicating that twm should ignore the program-supplied position, "on" indicating that the position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating that the position should used if it is other than (0,0). The latter option is for working around a bug in older toolkits.

VirtualDesktop string

This variable enables the Virtual Desktop feature and specifies the initial size of the desktop, either in pixels or in integral multiples of the screen size. The size is specified as a standard geometry string. If a width or height value is smaller than the width or height of the physical display, it is assumed to mean a multiple of the screen size, otherwise it is assumed to be in pixels. So to get a 2x2 sized Virtual Desktop across all platforms, one could use the string "2x2" to enable the desktop.

VirtualDesktopBackgroundPixmap string

This variable specifies the filename of a image to be used as the background image of the Virtual Desktop. If you have configured twm to use xloadimage(1) to load this image, the string must be a full pathname, or be in the image-path in your ~/.xloadimagerc file. If you have not configured twm to use xloadimage(1) , then it will load a bitmap or pixmap in the traditional fashion. If the pixmap you load is a bitmap (one plane deep), VirtualDesktopBackground and VirtualDesktopForeground colors are used when constructing the background.

WarpCursor [{ win-list }]

This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows when they are deiconified. If the optional win-list is given, the pointer will only be warped when those windows are deiconified. This will also change the position of the virtual desktop if the unmapped window wasn't visible from the actual position.

WrapVirtual

This variable will cause tvtwm's scroll behavior to change slightly. If this is set, then calls to f.scrollleft, f.scrollright, f.scrollup, and f.scrolldown, that would move the panner outside of the virtual desktop, will shift position to the other end. In effect, "wrap-around" the outside of the virtual desktop. (This is phrased poorly, and should be rewritten)

VirtualFont font

This is the font used to display window names in the small windows inside the panner if the ShowVirtualNames variable is specified. The default font is "5x8".

WindowRing { win-list }

This variable specifies a list of windows along which the f.warpring function cycles.

WarpUnmapped

This variable indicates that that the f.warpto function should deiconify any iconified windows it encounters. This is typically used to make a key binding that will pop a particular window (such as xmh), no matter where it is. The default is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.

XorValue number

This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window outlines for moving and resizing. This should be set to a value that will result in a variety of of distinguishable colors when exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typical screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct. By default, twm will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.

Zoom [ count ]

This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window to and from its iconified state should be displayed whenever a window is iconified or deiconified. The optional count argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn. The default count is 8.

The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables or beginning of the bindings sections:

DefaultFunction function: This variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or button event is received for which no binding is provided. This is typically bound to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing window operations.
WindowFunction function: This variable specifies the function to execute when a window is selected from the TwmWindows menu. If this variable is not set, the window will be deiconified and raised.

Bindings

After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons may be added from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-right according to the order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button bindings may be given in any order.

Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to use in the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them:

LeftTitleButton "bitmapname"    = function

RightTitleButton "bitmapname"    = function

The bitmapname may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps (which are scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed name described above.

Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and what function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings containing the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords Button1-Button5:

"FP1"        = modlist : context : function
Button1    = modlist : context : function

The modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift, control, lock, meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which may be abbreviated as s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, respectively) separated by a vertical bar (|). Similarly, the context is any combination of window, title, icon, root, frame, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbreviation is m), or all, separated by a vertical bar. The function is any of the f. keywords described below. For example, the default startup file contains the following bindings:

Button1    =    : root        : f.menu "TwmWindows"
Button1    = m    : window | icon    : f.function "move-or-lower"
Button2    = m    : window | icon    : f.iconify
Button3    = m    : window | icon    : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button1    =    : title        : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button2    =    : title        : f.raiselower
Button1    =    : icon        : f.function "move-or-iconify"
Button2    =    : icon        : f.iconify
Button1    =    : iconmgr    : f.iconify
Button2    =    : iconmgr    : f.iconify

A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard could use the following bindings:

"F1"        =    : all        : f.iconify
"F2"        =    : all        : f.raiselower
"F3"        =    : all        : f.warpring "next"
"F4"        =    : all        : f.warpto "xmh"
"F5"        =    : all        : f.warpto "emacs"
"F6"        =    : all        : f.colormap "next"
"F7"        =    : all        : f.colormap "default"
"F20"        =    : all        : f.warptoscreen "next"
"Left"        = m    : all        : f.backiconmgr
"Right"    = m | s    : all        : f.forwiconmgr
"Up"        = m    : all        : f.upiconmgr
"Down"    = m | s    : all        : f.downiconmgr

Twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings. Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults is specified), most users will want to have their most common operations bound to key and button strokes. To do this, twm associates names with each of the primitives and provides user-defined functions for building higher level primitives and menus for interactively selecting among groups of functions.

User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in calls to f.function and a list of other functions to execute. For example:

Function "move-or-lower"    { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
Function "move-or-raise"    { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
Function "move-or-iconify"    { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
Function "restore-colormap"    { f.colormap "default" f.lower }

The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in the function specification.

In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be changed to the Select cursor and the next window to receive a button press will be chosen:

! string: This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.
f.autoraise: This function toggles whether or not the selected window is raised whenever entered by the pointer. See the description of the variable AutoRaise.
f.backiconmgr: This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if necessary.
f.beep: This function sounds the keyboard bell.
f.bottomzoom: This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, but resizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen.
f.circledown: This function lowers the top-most window that occludes another window.
f.circleup: This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another window.
f.colormap string: This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that twm will display when the pointer is in this window. The argument string may have one of the following values: "next", "prev", and "default". It should be noted here that in general, the installed colormap is determined by keyboard focus. A pointer driven keyboard focus will install a private colormap upon entry of the window owning the colormap. Using the click to type model, private colormaps will not be installed until the user presses a mouse button on the target window.
f.constrainedmove: This function will have approximately the same behavior, except that the move will be constrained without need for double clicking.
f.deiconify: This function deiconifies the selected window. If the window is not an icon or an unmapped window, this function does nothing.
f.delete: This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the selected window if the client application has requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window property. The application is supposed to respond to the message by removing the indicated window. If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the user should choose an alternative method. Note this is very different from f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a single window, not necessarily the entire application.
f.deltastop: This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the pointer has been moved more than MoveDelta pixels. See the example definition given for Function "move-or-raise" at the beginning of the section.
f.destroy: This function instructs the X server to close the display connection of the client that created the selected window. This should only be used as a last resort for shutting down runaway clients. See also f.delete.
f.downiconmgr: This function warps the pointer to the next row in the current icon manger, wrapping to the beginning of the next column if necessary.
f.exec string: This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh for execution. In multiscreen mode, if string starts a new X client without giving a display argument, the client will appear on the screen from which this function was invoked.
f.focus: This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If the selected window already was focused, this function executes an f.unfocus.
f.forcemove: This function is like f.move except that it ignores the DontMoveOff variable.
f.forwiconmgr: This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next row if necessary.
f.fullzoom: This function resizes the selected window to the full size of the display or else restores the original size if the window was already zoomed.
f.function string: This function executes the user-defined function whose name is specified by the argument string.
f.hbzoom: This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.
f.hideiconmgr: This function unmaps the current icon manager.
f.horizoom: This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that the selected window is resized to the full width of the display.
f.htzoom: This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.
f.hzoom: This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.
f.iconify: This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon, respectively.
f.identify: This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the selected window. Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the window will dismiss it.
f.lefticonmgr: This function similar to f.backiconmgr except that wrapping does not change rows.
f.leftzoom: This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function but causes the selected window is only resized to the left half of the display.
f.lower: This function lowers the selected window.
f.menu string: This function invokes the menu specified by the argument string. Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to f.menu.
f.menufunc string1 : string2: This functions invokes a menu like f.menu, but if the user does not pop up the menu menu "string1" the function string2 will be called.
f.move: This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the window itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the invoking pointer button is released. Double clicking within the number of milliseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime warps the pointer to the center of the window and constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical depending on which grid line is crossed. To abort a move, press another button before releasing the first button.
f.nexticonmgr: This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager containing any windows on the current or any succeeding screen.
f.nop: This function does nothing and is typically used with the DefaultFunction or WindowFunction variables or to introduce blank lines in menus.
f.opaquemove: This function will exact as does f.move, but it will do an opaque move regardless of whether OpaqueMove is set or not.
f.panner: This function toggles the display of the panner window.
f.previconmgr: This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager containing any windows on the current or preceding screens.
f.quit: This function causes twm to restore the window's borders and exit. If twm is the first client invoked from xdm, this will result in a server reset.
f.raise: This function raises the selected window.
f.raiselower: This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the window will be lowered.
f.refresh: This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
f.relativemove string: This function will move the selected window relative to its current position. The string parameter is a geometry specification indicating how many pixels to move the window. For example, "+15+0" would move the window fifteen (15) pixels to the right, and "+5-10" would move the window five (5) pixels right and ten (10) pixels up.
f.relativeresize: This function will do a resize and behave as if AutoRelativeResize were set, whether it is or not
f.resize: This function displays an outline of the selected window. Crossing a border (or setting AutoRelativeResize) will cause the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking button is released. To abort a resize, press another button before releasing the first button.
f.restart: This function kills and restarts twm.
f.righticonmgr: This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping does not change rows.
f.rightzoom: This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except that the selected window is only resized to the right half of the display.
f.saveyourself: This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS window property. Clients that accept this message are supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the window and update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM. If the selected window has not selected for this message, the keyboard bell will be rung.
f.scroll string: This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop to a specific logical screen quadrant. The string parameter is a geometry specification indicating how to scroll the desktop. For example, "+0+0" would scroll the desktop to the home location and "+2+1" would scroll the desktop to the quadrant in the third logical column and the second row.
f.scrollback: This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop back to its previous location.
f.scrolldown: This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop down a fraction of the height of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceY.
f.scrollhome: This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop to the home location.
f.scrollleft: This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop left a fraction of the width of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceX.
f.scrollright: This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop right a fraction of the width of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceX.
f.scrollup: This function scrolls the Virtual Desktop up one a fraction of the height of the screen specified in ScrollDistanceY.
f.showiconmgr: This function maps the current icon manager.
f.sorticonmgr: This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager alphabetically. See the variable SortIconManager.
f.stick: This function toggles making a window sticky.
f.title: This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu definition. It should not be used in any other context.
f.topzoom: This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except that the selected window is only resized to the top half of the display.
f.unfocus: This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven. This should be used when a focused window is no longer desired.
f.upiconmgr: This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the current icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same column if necessary.
f.vlzoom: This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.
f.vrzoom: This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.
f.warpring string: This function warps the pointer to the next or previous window (as indicated by the argument string, which may be "next" or "prev") specified in the WindowRing variable.
f.warpto string: This function warps the pointer to the window which has a name or class that matches string. If the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored. If string is empty (i.e. ""), the current window is selected. In addition to warping the pointer to the window the Virtual Desktop will be scrolled to the logical quadrant that contains the window.
f.warptoiconmgr string: This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon manager specified by the argument string. If string is empty (i.e. ""), the current icon manager is chosen.
f.warptoscreen string: This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the argument string. String may be a number (e.g. "0" or "1"), the word "next" (indicating the current screen plus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), the word "back" (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), or the word "prev" (indicating the last screen visited.
f.winrefresh: This function is similar to the f.refresh function except that only the selected window is refreshed.
f.zoom: This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except that the only the height of the selected window is changed.

Menus

Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a titlebutton) menus. Each menu specification contains the name of the menu as it will be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground and background colors, the list of item names and the functions they should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for individual items:

Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
{
    string1    [ ("fore1":"backn")]    function1
    string2    [ ("fore2":"backn")]    function2
        .
        .
        .
    stringN    [ ("foreN":"backN")]    functionN
}

The menuname is case-sensitive. The optional deffore and defback arguments specify the foreground and background colors used on a color display to highlight menu entries. The string portion of each menu entry will be the text which will appear in the menu. The optional fore and back arguments specify the foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry. These colors will only be used on a color display. The default is to use the colors specified by the MenuForeground and MenuBackground variables. The function portion of the menu entry is one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or additional menus.

There is a special menu named TwmWindows which contains the names of all of the client and twm-supplied windows. Selecting an entry will cause the WindowFunction to be executed on that window. If WindowFunction hasn't been set, the window will be deiconified and raised. If the Virtual Desktop is enabled, the desktop will also be scrolled to the logical quadrant that contains the windows.

Icons

Twm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified windows. The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automatically arranged as described by the IconRegion variable. In addition, a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more efficient use of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among windows from the keyboard.

An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all windows currently on the display. In addition to the window name, a small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of the name when the window is iconified. By default, clicking on an entry in the icon manager performs f.iconify. To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the the iconmgr context when specifying button and keyboard bindings.

Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending synthetic events NoTitleFocus is set). Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard.

Signals

It is possible to issue a the equivalent of a f.restart via a unix signal. This is intended to ease debugging of twm initialization files. To force this send a SIGUSR1 to the twm process ID. See man kill(1) for more details.

Bugs

The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window lists.

The IconRegion variable should take a list.

Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved.

If IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in IconManagerDontShow but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows" or f.warpto are setup.

Files

 $HOME/.[tv]twmrc.<screen number>
 $HOME/.[tv]twmrc
 /usr/lib/X11/twm/system.[tv]twmrc

Environment Variables

DISPLAY: This variable is used to determine which X server to use. It is also set during f.exec so that programs come up on the proper screen.
HOME: This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a tilde and for locating the twm startup file.

Copyright

Portions copyright 1988 Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation; portions copyright 1989 Hewlett-Packard Company and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, See X(1) for a full statement of rights and permissions.

Authors

Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Chris Ross, University of Maryland; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.

Virtual Desktop added by Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer.

Table of Contents

Name
Syntax
Description
Options
Customization
M4 Preprocessing
Virtual Desktop
Variables
Bindings
Menus
Icons
Signals
Bugs
Files
Environment Variables
See Also
Copyright
Authors